FINAL REPORTFINAL ____________________________________________________ GRET/CAMBODIA Landscape Analysis and Business Model Assessment in Fecal Sludge Management: E&T Models in Asia - Cambodia This study have been funded and supervised by: © 2011 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation BMG - 19742 AT - CF October 2011 Page : 1 Landscape Analysis and Business Model Assessment in Fecal Sludge Management: E&T Models in Asia - Cambodia TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................................2 TABLE CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................6 CHAPTER. I – BACKGROUND AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .......................................................................9 I. BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................9 II. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 11 1. Key objectives ........................................................................................................ 11 2. Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER II – CURRENT STATUS OF FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN CAMBODIA ........................................ 16 I. FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 16 1. Institutional environment ........................................................................................ 16 2. Overview of sanitation assets and fecal sludge quality produced ................................ 21 3. Overview of fecal sludge management value-chain description .................................. 25 CHAPTER III. THREE STUDY CASES OF FSM IN CAMBODIA .................................................................... 31 I. OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 31 II. LARGE CITY: PHNOM PENH ................................................................................................... 34 1. Background: Phnom Penh study case ....................................................................... 34 2. Demographic and socio-economic information .......................................................... 35 3. Household sanitation practices ................................................................................. 37 4. Fecal sludge emptying practices ............................................................................... 39 5. Fecal sludge service delivery practices ...................................................................... 42 III. MEDIUM CITIES ................................................................................................................ 49 1. Background: Siem Reap study case .......................................................................... 49 2. Demographic and socio-economic information .......................................................... 50 3. Households sanitation practices ............................................................................... 52 4. Fecal sludge emptying practices ............................................................................... 53 5. Fecal sludge service delivery practices ...................................................................... 56 IV. SMALL CITIES ................................................................................................................... 59 1. Background Kampot city .......................................................................................... 59 2. Demographics and socio-economic information ......................................................... 60 3. household sanitation practices ................................................................................. 62 4. Fecal sludge emptying practices ............................................................................... 63 5. Fecal sludge delivery practice .................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER. IV - FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT: MARKET AND BUSINESS ANALYSIS ....................................... 68 I. KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................... 68 II. MARKET AND BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 70 BMG - 19742 AT - CF October 2011 Page : 2 Landscape Analysis and Business Model Assessment in Fecal Sludge Management: E&T Models in Asia - Cambodia 1. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 70 2. Large cities business model ..................................................................................... 70 3. Market and business model analysis in medium cities ................................................ 76 4. Market in small cities ............................................................................................... 79 5. Comparative analysis of Service delivery................................................................... 82 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 86 III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 87 1. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 87 2. Recommendation to move forward in fecal sludge management ................................ 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 92 LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEWED ....................................................................................................... 93 I. GENERAL ......................................................................................................................... 93 II. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT SERVICES .................................................................. 93 III. CAMBODIA ....................................................................................................................... 94 IV. KAMPOT .......................................................................................................................... 96 V. PHNOM PENH ................................................................................................................... 96 VI. SIEM REAP ....................................................................................................................... 96 BMG - 19742 AT - CF October 2011 Page : 3 Landscape Analysis and Business Model Assessment in Fecal Sludge Management: E&T Models in Asia - Cambodia TABLE CONTENTS Table 1 – Type of Cities in Cambodia ....................................................................................... 12 Table 2 – Trend of population on targeted cities ....................................................................... 13 Table 3 – Survey Distribution per cities .................................................................................... 13 Table 4 – Pre-screen sampling of E&T operators in Cambodia ................................................... 15 Table 5 – Septage quality in Phnom Penh ................................................................................ 25 Table 6 – Typology of E&T Operators in Phnom Penh ............................................................... 42 Table 7 – Average and total leaflets per truck in Phnom Penh ................................................... 44 Table 8 – Typology of E&T Operators in Siem Reap .................................................................. 56 Table 9 – Fecal sludge production calculation ........................................................................... 70 Table 10 – Calculation sheet for fecal sludge production ........................................................... 71 Table 11 – Actual and Future market in Phnom Penh ................................................................ 71 Table 12 – Calculation sheet for fecal sludge production ........................................................... 76 Table 13 – Actual market in Siem Reap .................................................................................... 76 Table 14 – Calculation sheet for fecal sludge production ........................................................... 79 Table 15 – Productivity of E&T Mechanical Operators ............................................................... 83 Table 16 – Diversity of businesses profile ................................................................................. 83 Figure 1 – Cities distribution in Cambodia with linear trendline .................................................. 12 Figure 2 – Transect calculation in Phnom Penh ......................................................................... 14 Figure 3 – Example of surveying transect in Phnom Penh .......................................................... 14 Figure 4 – Main tasks and responsibilities in