25 Year Master Plan for Management Komodo National Park Book 3 Site Planning Proposed by Komodo National Park’s Authority Assisted by The Nature Conservancy and Gajah Mada University, and supported by Manggarai District Authority. Coordinated by: Direktorat Jenderal Widodo S. Ramono Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan dan Perlindungan dan Konservasi Alam Konservasi Alam Novianto B. Wawandono Komodo National Park Johannes Subijanto The Nature Conservancy Editors: Dr. Jos S. Pet The Nature Conservancy, Dr. Carey Yeager The Nature Conservancy. Contributors:: Novianto Bambang Wawandono Kepala Balai TN Komodo, Rili Djohani MSc. The Nature Conservancy, Dr. Djuwantoko Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Liber Habut Camat Komodo, Kabupaten Manggarai, Agus Marhadi Direktorat Konservasi Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar, Arnaz Mehta The Nature Conservancy, Agus Sriyanto Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan, Johannes Subijanto The Nature Conservancy, Sudibyo Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, Ign. Herry Djoko Susilo Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan, Listya Kusumawardhani Sekretariat Ditjen PKA, Untung Suprapto Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan, Wiratno Kepala Unit KSDA, DI-Yogyakarta, Istanto Direktorat Wisata Alam dan Kebun . GIS and Maps: Dr. Peter J. Mous The Nature Conservancy, Sam Ataupah Teknisi TN Komodo. Front cover design and drawings: Donald Bason The Nature Conservancy. Sponsored by: The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., USAID, The Japanese Embassy in Jakarta, The Perkins Foundation, and The Nature Conservancy The David and Lucile Packard Foundation 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SITE PLANNING FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK.............................................................................3 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LANDSCAPE ....................................................................................................11 2.1 THE TERRESTRIAL LANDSCAPE....................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Komodo Island.................................................................................................................................11 2.1.2 Padar Island ....................................................................................................................................18 2.1.3 Rinca Island.....................................................................................................................................19 2.1.4 Other Small Islands .........................................................................................................................21 2.2 THE MARINE LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................. 22 2.2.1 Around Komodo Island ....................................................................................................................22 2.2.2 Around Padar Island........................................................................................................................24 2.2.3 Around Rinca Island ........................................................................................................................25 2.2.4 Around the Smaller islands ..............................................................................................................26 3. EXISTING FACILITIES.............................................................................................................................29 3.1 TERRESTRIAL FACILITIES................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 MARINE FACILITIES ........................................................................................................................... 37 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (AMDAL).......................................................................39 4.1 IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES (PARAMETERS)................................................. 39 4.1.1 Atmospheric variables .....................................................................................................................41 4.1.2 Ecological variables........................................................................................................................42 4.1.3 Water quality variables....................................................................................................................43 4.1.4 Resource variables...........................................................................................................................45 4.1.5 Sound variables ...............................................................................................................................46 4.1.6 Land variables.................................................................................................................................46 4.1.7 Economic variables .........................................................................................................................47 4.1.8 Sociocultural variables....................................................................................................................47 4.2 MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES ............................................................................... 48 4.2.1. Atmospheric measurements.............................................................................................................48 4.2.2. Ecological measurements................................................................................................................49 4.2.3 Water measurements........................................................................................................................51 4.2.4. Resources measurements.................................................................................................................53 4.2.5 Sound measurements........................................................................................................................53 4.2.6 Land measurements .........................................................................................................................53 4.2.7 Economic measurements..................................................................................................................54 4.2.8 Sociocultural measurements.............................................................................................................55 4.3 MITIGATING IMPACTS ....................................................................................................................... 55 4.3.1 Atmospheric impact .........................................................................................................................55 4.3.2. Ecological impacts .........................................................................................................................56 4.3.3 Impacts on water..............................................................................................................................58 4.3.4 Impact on Resources........................................................................................................................59 4.3.5 Sound impacts..................................................................................................................................59 4.3.6 Impacts on land ...............................................................................................................................60 4.3.7 Economic impacts............................................................................................................................60 4.3.8 Sociocultural impacts ......................................................................................................................61 4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) ......................... 61 4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WITHIN INDONESIA (AMDAL) ................................ 62 2 1. SITE PLANNING FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK Effective site planning within Komodo National Park (Fig. 1) is dependent upon: • accurate information concerning the fauna (Figs. 2 and 3) and flora (Fig. 4), • the ecological and biological processes at work (e.g. Fig. 5), • human populations (Fig. 6), • the socio-cultural factors present, • the legal and political situation, and • the interaction of these various factors. Limited accurate information is currently available, making it necessary to acquire additional information. An overview of the landscape is provided in this volume (including existing facilities), however, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA or AMDAL, particularly for eco- tourism and marine resource use), are needed before detailed plans can be drawn up. The final section of this volume deals with suggestions for the needed EIAs. Following completion of the EIAs, detailed site plans should be drawn up and implemented and detailed regulations should be drafted for the proposed zoning plan (Fig. 7) of Komodo National Park. 3 Borders Komodo National Park (Nov. 1998) Coordinates Latitude Longitude (S) (E) 1 8.25.95 119.24.15 2 8.24.35 119.27.35 3 8.25.75 119.35.15 4 8.31.50 119.41.45 5 8.35.15 119.47.80 6 8.37.30 119.48.65 7 8.43.00 119.47.30 8 8.48.60 119.44.05 9 8.49.90 119.40.00 10 8.46.00 119.21.05 11 8.35.60 119.20.95 12 8.46.50 119.46.90 13 8.48.00 119.49.20 14 8.50.25 119.48.05 15 8.48.65 119.45.60 Figure 1. Borders of Komodo National Park, according to the revision of November