TACKLING THE DANGEROUS DRIFT ASSESSMENT OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN TANZANIA & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION June 2013 Open Society Foundations Crime and Violence Prevention Initiative (OSF CVPI) & Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa (OSIEA) Prepared by Lainie Reisman, Kennedy Mkutu, Samwel Lyimo, and Monica Moshi with support from the Tanzanian Police Force (TPF) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 11 BACKGROUND ON CVPI AND OSIEA ...................................................................................................................... 11 JUSTIFICATION FOR TANZANIA ............................................................................................................................... 11 ASSESSMENT PURPOSES/OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 12 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 2. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT .................................................................................................................. 14 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING ......................................................................................................................................... 14 THE PEOPLE ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 15 ZANZIBAR .................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 ECONOMY .................................................................................................................................................................. 16 GOVERNANCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................. 17 THE EXECUTIVE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 THE LEGISLATURE...................................................................................................................................................................... 17 THE JUDICIARY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 18 3. DATA ON CRIME AND VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................... 20 CRIME DATA AND SOURCES ..................................................................................................................................... 20 TANZANIA POLICE FORCE (TPF) DATA ................................................................................................................................. 20 OTHER SOURCES OF RELIABLE DATA ..................................................................................................................................... 27 VICTIMIZATION STUDIES ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 Tanzania – Assessment of Crime and Violence 2 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 29 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 1977 AND REVIEW PROCESS ..................................... 30 KEY POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................................................ 31 PRIORITY LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................................................................. 32 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCALS ............................................................................................................... 36 ADDITIONAL LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY DATA ....................................................................................................................... 36 4. KEY ACTORS IN CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION ....................................................................... 37 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ACTORS ......................................................................................................................... 37 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES ...................................................................................................................... 37 NON-STATE ACTORS ................................................................................................................................................ 38 CITIZENS/MEMBERS OF PUBLIC .............................................................................................................................................. 38 KEY DONORS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ......................................................................................................... 38 SELECTED TANZANIAN NGOS/CSOS ..................................................................................................................................... 40 PRIVATE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46 MEDIA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS/FAITH BASED ORGANIZATIONS ............................................................................................... 47 ACADEMIC, THINK TANKS, TRAINING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................. 47 PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES ............................................................................................................................................. 48 5. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 50 POPULATION GROWTH, UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE YOUTH BULGE ................................................................................. 50 POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ...................................................................................................................................................... 51 EXCLUSION/LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................................................... 51 URBANIZATION ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52 CORRUPTION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Tanzania – Assessment of Crime and Violence 3 LIMITATIONS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................ 52 DRUGS AND TRAFFICKING......................................................................................................................................................... 54 ILLICIT SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS ......................................................................................................................... 55 6. MAJOR CRIME AND VIOLENCE DYNAMICS ............................................................................................ 59 POLITICAL AND STATE CHALLENGES ...................................................................................................................... 59 URBAN STREET CRIME .............................................................................................................................................................. 59 PARTY POLITICS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 60 ZANZIBAR SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 61 EXCESSIVE FORCE, EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING, AND ATTACKS ON POLICE