Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 5(7): 780-785, 2017 Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology Available online, ISSN: 2148-127X www.agrifoodscience.com, Turkish Science and Technology Study on Movement and Accumulation of Trifluralin in Medium- Textured Soils Ulviye Kanburoglu Çebi1, Recep Çakir2*, Hasan Hayri Tok3 1Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute, 39100 Kırklareli, Turkey 2Lapseki Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17800 Lapseki, Çanakkale, Turkey 3Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Namık Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdağ, Turkey A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T The aim of the study was to evaluate the movement and accumulation of 2,6 – dinitro – Research Article NN – dipropyl – 4 - trifluoromethylanil (trifluralin) in soil under irrigated conditions. Despite its hazardous effects this herbicide is widely used in the country. The herbicide Received 12 February 2017 researched, is known to be one of the most resistant and least mobile pesticides used in Accepted 15 April 2017 the country. The investigations were carried out, using drainage type lysimeters with application of two different doses of trifluralin and three irrigation water levels. Keywords: Irrigations were applied during three stages used as indicators for irrigation scheduling of Trifluralin the sunflower crop. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the original Lysimeter field in the beginning and from the tanks after completing of the study. Trifluralin Irrigation analyses were completed using gas chromatography technique. The results of the study Soil determined that the amounts of the herbicide and its degradation product (2-ethyl-4-nitro- Accumulation 6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole) in the ranges of 3.04 – 0.1 and 4.128- 0.344 ppm, respectively were accumulated in the lysimeter soils during the 5-year research period. *Corresponding Author: The highest amounts of trifluralin and its degradation product were measured in the 0-30 E-mail: [email protected] cm soil layer, of the treatment with higher applied herbicide amount and deficit irrigation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.780-785.1189 Introduction To prevent 15-30% of various disease and harmful According to pesticide classification based on effects in a variety of cultured plants, the use of cheap formulation, trifluralin is in the emulsion concentrate pesticides appears to be easiest way compared to other (EC) group. This group is the most commonly used agricultural defense methods. As a result since the 1950s group, with the most important characteristic being increasing doses have been used globally. Among the immediate mixing with water and ability to be stored different groups of pesticides, herbicides are more likely without degradation for long periods. Additionally due to to pollute the soils (Temur et al., 2012). the physicochemical characteristics of trifluralin, it Globally, in our country and in the Thrace region, remains in soil for long periods and can reach herbicides with greater efficiency compared to other underground water sources. pesticides take first place in the list of pesticides used. In After trifluralin is applied to the soil as a weed Turkey 37% of used herbicides are used for the grain removing tool, it causes environmental pollution due to group plants with the most commonly used reported to be evaporation, leaching from the soil profile, accumulation 2,4-D, trifluralin and propanil (Dag et al., 2000). in soil and contaminating underground water. In addition In the research area of the Thrace region the amount trifluralin applied to sunflower reduces germination of of pesticides used reaches 8 to 10% of the pesticide wheat seeds in crop rotation, causing abnormally low amount used in Turkey. According to determination of germination and sparse growth. This event causes pesticide amount per unit area, the total pesticide dose economic loss of the significant economic input of seeds yearly used in Turkey is more than 1030 g/ha (Delen et and significant falls in productivity. al., 2015). Trifluralin is a carcinogenic material according to data The Thrace region is an important area for Turkey’s from the EPA, FAO and International Cancer Research agricultural potential with wheat and sunflower rotation Center and is highly toxic for aquatic organisms even in common in arable land. More than 56 % sunflower low doses. According to the final declaration of the III production in our country is provided by the experimental North Sea Conference, a reduction of 50% in trifluralin region. was predicted from 1985 to 1995 due to these Çebi et al., / Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 5(7): 780-785, 2017 characteristics. Again, due to these negative Kırklareli in the northern section of the Marmara Region. characteristics research investigating the migration and The area of the Research Institute is 655,034 ha, located accumulation of residues of this pesticide and derivatives at 41°42’ latitude and 27°14’ longitude with 233 m in soil and water was completed (Bengtson et al., 1990; elevation. Feagley and Kim, 1995; Kim and Feagley, 2002; Kodesova et. al., 2011; Querejeta et al., 2014). Some Lysimeter Experiments researchers claim that when herbicides like trifluralin are The lysimeter unit consists of 15 tanks in the form of applied to soil they are in contact with adsorbative soil independent fiberglass-reinforced cylinders in three surfaces. The adsorption causes the herbicide to be held blocks. The cylindrical tanks have a depth of 1.5 m, by soil colloids, with direct effects or leaching from the diameter of 1.20 m and the surface area of the tank is 1.13 surface to deeper soil, removal by evaporation and m2. These CPT (fiberglass) cylinder tanks are resistant to controlling of retention determining the movement of temperatures between -40°C to +112°C, with no water herbicide in soil and potential to create pollution (Tiryaki leakage from the inner surface structures. The base of the et al., 1997; Kim and Feagley, 1998). Recently scientific lysimeter was filled with 0.10 m of soil-free coarse sand- publications discussing the changes undergone by pebble mix. Above this mixture the layer of 1.0 m of herbicides in soil and movement in water on a large scale experimental soil was placed, taking note of natural soil can be found in the literature (Müller et al., 2007; Arias- layering and following procedures published by Gungor Estevez et. al., 2008; Kanburoglu – Çebi et al., 2016). (1985). In order to provide flooding during irrigation There are many factors proposed to control the applications, the upper part of 0.40 m of each lysimeter accumulation of residues in soil or leaching and was left empty. The soil in the lysimeter was non- transportation of pesticides applied in agriculture. Nelson calcareous brown soil from the Alfisol order of Soil et al., (2000) emphasized the importance of agricultural Taxonomy, common in a 438,093 ha area (32%) of the applications and pesticide applications before watering, Meric basin. while others (Gardner and Branham, 2001) proposed irrigation method, characteristics of the applied herbicide Soils and dose. The basic chemical and physical properties of the soil The toxic effects of pesticides as trifluralin last for placed in the lysimeter tanks are summarized in Table 1. many years due to different biological degradation rates in the ecologic chain and residues in plants, and linked to Characteristics of Trifluralin Used in the Study this, in animal products. Because of the mentioned The polluting potential of pesticides is linked to the hazardous effects, these pesticides should be very resistance of the pesticide, evaporation characteristics and carefully and consciously used and their application mobility in soil, in addition to factors like soil and should be supported by scientific data obtained under climate. The resistance of a pesticide in soil varies controlled conditions. The transport, leaching and according to persistence duration. The herbicide accumulation of herbicide in soil under application of researched, within the commonly used pesticide different trifluralin doses and irrigation water amounts classification in Turkey, is known to be one of the most were investigated in the study conducted in lysimeters. resistant pesticide groups. According to evaporation constant (Henry constant-KH) trifluralin is in the -5 Materials and Methods classification group with highest evaporation (KH=2.5*10 ), with mobility in soil among the lowest of agricultural The research was completed using 15 drainage type chemicals. The chemical structure and main lysimeters at the Atatürk Soil and Water Agricultural characteristics of trifluralin are presented on Figure 1 and Meteorology Research Institute located 4 km west of in Table 2, respectively. Table1 Some physical and chemical characteristics of the studied soil SL pH OM EC BD FC WP S L C TC 0-30 5.1 0.74 1.92 1.44 11.86 4.32 62.00 23.45 14.55 Sandy -loam 30-60 4.8 0.71 2.68 1.67 25.46 14.35 47.60 18.17 34.23 Sandy-clay-loam 60-100 5.2 0.63 3.09 1.67 33.16 21.83 37.70 13.80 48.50 Sandy-clay SL: Soil layers (cm), OM: Organic matter (%), EC: EC (dS/m), BD: Bulk density (g/cm3), FC: Field capacity (pw), WP: Wilting point (pw), S: Sand (%), L: Loam (%), C: Clay (%), TC: Texture class Table 2 Some chemical, physical and toxicological properties of trifluralin* CAS RegistryNumber 1582-09-8 Chemical formula C13H16F3N3O4 Molarmass 335.28 g/mol Appearance Yellowcrystals Melting point 46 to 47°C (115 to 117°F; 319 to 320K) Boiling point 139 to 140°C (282 to 284°F; 412 to 413 K) (at 4.2 mmHg) Solubility in water 0.0024 g/100 mL Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (Mediandose) 500 mg/kg (rat, oral) Source: Mackay et al., 2006 781 Çebi et al., / Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 5(7): 780-785, 2017 Experimental Design and Experimental Procedure completing of the study.