See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323676663 Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: the Indonesian case Technical Report · February 2018 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30049.40808 CITATIONS READS 0 7 2 authors, including: Wim Giesen Euroconsult Mott MacDonald 40 PUBLICATIONS 668 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: (MCA-Indonesia funded) Berbak Green Prosperity Program in Jambi View project EMRP Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project Area in Central Kalimantan View project All content following this page was uploaded by Wim Giesen on 10 March 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: The Indonesian Case Berbak Green Prosperity Partnership/ Kemitraan Kesejatheraan Hijau (Kehijau Berbak) Millennium Challenge Account Indonesia Contract No. 2015/Grant/010 Euroconsult Mott MacDonald in association with: - Universitas Jambi - Mitra Aksi Foundation - Perkumpulan Gita Buana - Perkumpulan Walestra 5 February 2018 Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: the Indonesian Case Berbak Green Prosperity Partnership Kemitraan Kesejatheraan Hijau (Kehijau Berbak) 5 February 2018 Millennium Challenge Account – Indonesia MR21 Building, 11th Floor Jl. Menteng Raya 21 Jakarta Pusat – 10340 Indonesia Co-Financers: Vendors: - Financial Access - SNV - ISCC / Meo Carbon - Deltares - ProSympac - Forest Carbon - Akvo - Financial Access - ProSympac - Meo Carbon - Akvo Euroconsult Mott MacDonald Graha CIMB Niaga, 16th Floor, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 58, Jakarta 12190 T +62 (21) 252 6588 – Ext. 111; +62 (21) 2985 0012 Mott MacDonald, Amsterdamseweg 15, 6814 CM Arnhem, PO Box 441, 6800 AK, Arnhem, Netherlands T +31 (0)26 3577 111 F +31 (0)26 3577 577 W www.mottmac.com Green corner – Save a tree today! Mott MacDonald is committed to integrating sustainability into our operational practices and culture. As a world leading consultancy business we are always seeking to improve our own performance and reduce the environmental impact of our business. Meanwhile, many of our staff are committed to living sustainably in their personal lives – as an employee-owned company Mott MacDonald shares their concerns. We feel an ethical obligation to reduce our emissions and resource use and have committed to reducing our per capita carbon footprint by a minimum of 5% year on year. We print our reports and client submissions using recycled, double-sided paper. Compared to printing single sided on A4 virgin paper, double sided printing on recycled paper saves the equivalent of two trees, over a ton of CO2 and a cubic metre of landfill space for every 100 reams. By choosing the greener path we have been able to achieve efficiencies benefiting both Mott MacDonald and our customers. We would like to share some of the principles of our own ‘Going Green’ initiative: • When possible we scan rather than print and consider what really needs to be on paper • We use electronic faxing when practicable • We work on e-forms • We use recycled paper when possible • Reducing paper in the office creates a better working environment for our staff and our clients We believe that you, as one of our esteemed clients, will share our concern to conserve precious resources for the benefit of our planet and its inhabitants. Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: Indonesian Case Issue and revision record Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description 01 8 September 2017 Wim Giesen Eli Nur Nirmala Sari Hero Heering First draft do for BRG Rens Verstappen 02 31 October 2017 Wim Giesen Rens Verstappen Hero Heering Revised draft, with gaps Eli Nur Nirmala Sari 03 18 November 2017 Wim Giesen Rens Verstappen Hero Heering Final draft Eli Nur Nirmala Sari 04 20 December 2017 Wim Giesen BRG working groups Hero Heering Final Eli Nur Nirmala Sari & deputy directors Rens Verstappen 05 5 February 2018 Wim Giesen Rens Verstappen Hero Heering Revised final, after comments Eli Nur Nirmala Sari received from D4 on 31 January 2018 T +31 (0)26 3577 111 F +31 (0)26 3577 577 W www.mottmac.com Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: Indonesian Case This document is issued for the party which commissioned it We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned document being relied upon by any other party, or being used project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission used for any other purpose. which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. T +31 (0)26 3577 111 F +31 (0)26 3577 577 W www.mottmac.com Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: Indonesian Case Contents Page List of Abbreviations iv Foreword vi Executive Summary viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Rewetting 5 2.1 Common pitfalls re rewetting ____________________________________________________ 5 2.2 Drainage & subsidence ________________________________________________________ 7 2.3 Flooding in peatland _________________________________________________________ 10 2.4 Carbon emissions in drained peat (without fires) ___________________________________ 12 2.5 Fires, peat loss & carbon emissions _____________________________________________ 13 2.6 Rewetting to curb peat loss ____________________________________________________ 14 2.7 Approaches to rewetting ______________________________________________________ 16 2.7.1 Canal blocking and infilling ______________________________________________ 16 2.7.2 Deep well establishment ________________________________________________ 22 2.8 Knowledge gaps ____________________________________________________________ 22 3. Revegetation 24 3.1 Types of Revegetation ________________________________________________________ 24 3.2 Paludiculture _______________________________________________________________ 28 3.2.1 Misunderstanding about paludiculture in Indonesia ___________________________ 28 3.2.2 Potential for paludiculture in Indonesia _____________________________________ 30 3.2.3 Cases of paludiculture in Indonesia _______________________________________ 32 3.2.4 Mycorrhizae & PSF species _____________________________________________ 37 3.2.5 Regulatory obstacles for paludiculture in Indonesia ___________________________ 37 3.2.6 Paludiculture and degree of flooding ______________________________________ 38 3.2.7 Knowledge gaps re paludiculture _________________________________________ 38 3.3 Ecological restoration ________________________________________________________ 40 3.3.1 Guidelines for ecological restoration_______________________________________ 40 3.3.2 Pitfalls in revegetation for ecological restoration _____________________________ 43 3.3.3 Knowledge gaps re ecological restoration __________________________________ 46 4. Revitalisation 48 4.1 Options for revitalisation ______________________________________________________ 48 4.2 Paludiculture and revitalisation _________________________________________________ 49 4.2.1 Paludiculture & local livelihoods __________________________________________ 49 4.2.2 Paludiculture & plantation industries_______________________________________ 52 4.2.3 Traditional paludiculture: sago cultivation ___________________________________ 52 i Tropical Peatland Restoration Report: Indonesian Case 4.3 Peat adapted agroforestry and local livelihoods ____________________________________ 54 4.4 Ecotourism and local livelihoods ________________________________________________ 54 4.5 Fisheries and local livelihoods __________________________________________________ 54 4.6 Agriculture, rice cultivation & food security ________________________________________ 57 4.7 Livestock farming and fodder cultivation __________________________________________ 59 4.8 Poultry ____________________________________________________________________ 59 4.9 Honeybee cultivation & Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) _________________________________ 59 4.10 Knowledge gaps re Revitalisation _______________________________________________ 61 5. Summary of research needs 62 6. References 65 Appendices Appendix 1 Peat swamp forest species with (potential) major economic use 76 Appendix 2 PSF species with arbuscular mycorrhizae 78 Appendix 3 Paludiculture species & flood tolerance 80 Appendix 4 Means of propagation of PSF rehabilitation species 82 Tables Table 1 Peatland in Sumatra & Kalimantan (Mha) ................................................................................... 1 Table 2 Subsidence in South East Asian peatland ................................................................................... 9 Table 3 Peat swamp interventions ..........................................................................................................27 Table 4 Existing & planned paludiculture in Indonesia ............................................................................34 Table 5 PSF species suitable for rehabilitation programs under various flooding regimes .......................42 Table 6 PSF species suitable for rehabilitation programs under various levels of degradation .................43 Figures Figure 1 Peatland conversion in Sumatra & Kalimantan .........................................................................