UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD318741 CLASSIFICATION CHANGES TO: unclassified FROM: confidential LIMITATION CHANGES TO: Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM: Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies and their contractors; Administrative/Operational Use; 15 MAY 1960. Other requests shall be referred to Naval Ordnance Systems Command, Washington, DC. AUTHORITY 31 May 1972, DoDD 5200.10; USNSSC ltr, 5 Sep 1975 THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSWJMED AD DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAMERON STATI1ON ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA DOWNGRADED AT 3 'YEAR INTERVALS: DECTASS 1ZED ATER 12 YEARS )OD DIR 520.,40 UNCLASSIFIED ~MM I ~ MIR :Qy41k nu21 g AR AD3174 Pe~44ted ARED SERVICES TECHNICA INORATON AGENCY w* ARLINGON HIALL STATION ARLINGTON 12, VIRGINIA. NOTICE: When government or other drawings, speci- fications or other data are used for any purpose -ther than in connection with a definitely rlated government procurement operation, the U. S. Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govern- ment may have formnLated, furnished, or in any way sipplied the said drawings, specifications, or other ,dta is not to be regaided by implication or other- wise as in any nanner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. S1 (Vol. NAVORD REPORT 7147 2) c CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES cD TH EIR CHARACTERISTICS AND USES (U) Prepared by Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering C, Southwest Research Institute Contract NOrd 18471,,# XEROX A BUREAU OF. NAVAL WEAPONS PUBLICATION NAVORD REPORT 7147 (Vol. 2) CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND USES (U) Prepared by Department of Chemistry and C amilal Engineering Southwest Research Institute FRANCIS Ai WARREN, EUGENE L.ANDERSONW RALPH- . WHEELER ROBERT J. MARTIN THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEAN:ING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECS. 793 AND 794, THE TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW Contract NOrd 18471 15 MAY l19S0 CONFIDENTIAL FOREWORD NAVORD REPORT 7147, Volume 2, is concerned with the characteristics and uses of chlorates and perchlorates and their compounds and is classified CONFIDENTIAL. Volume 1 which is concerned with the manufacture, proper- ties, and use of these compounds is unclassified. An attempt has been made in Volume 2 to include all compounds which are being used as propellant ingredients or have potential usefulness in the defense program. The report is transmitted for information purposes only. Volume 2 of this two-volume series was prepared for the Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department, by the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Southwest Research Institute. The project was begun under the broad direction of Dr. Eugene P. Whitlow, Department Director, and com- pleted under the direction of the present director, Dr. William E. Thompson. CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL ACKNOWL EDGIMENT The assistance of the members of the Southwest Research Institute staff in the assembly and reduc- tion of technical data is gratefully acknowledged. The technical staff is particularly indebted to the Solid Propellant Information Agency, Applied Physics Laboratory, the Johns Hopkins University for their help in providing numerous classified reports and documents. The assistance of the following companies in supplying special informa- tion is also acknowledged: Hercules Powder Com- pany, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Kilgore, Inc., United States Flare Corporation, Universal Match Corporation, and Special Devices, Inc. Southwest Research Institute wishes to thank Mr. E.E. Katcher, Bureau of Naval Weapons, for his technical suggestions and encouragement in the preparation of this document. CONFIDENTIAL CNFIDNTIAL NAVORD REPORT 7147 CONFIDENTIAL (VOLUME 2) TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE Introduction 2 Historical 2 Propellant s 9 Energy Sources 12 New Developments in Manufacturing 13 Bibliography 14 2 PROPELLANT SYSTEMS 15 Introduction 16 Solid Propellant Systems 17 Nonmetallized Systems 17 Metallized Systems 38 Other Propellant Systems 42 Solid Solution Propellants 42 Slurries 44 Bibliography 47 3 USE AS ENERGY SOURCES 52 General Considerations 53 Energy Release in Propellants 54 Thermal Decomposition 55 Propellant Burning 58 Effect of Additives 64 Use of Released Energy 65 Energy Release in Explosives 82 General Considerations 82 Explosive Characteristics of Ammonium Perchlorate 82 Applications 86 CONFIDENTIAL iii NAVORD REPORT 7147 (VOLUME 2) CONFIDENTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Chapter Energy Release in Ignition Systems 89 General Considerations 89 Igniter Materials 91 Energy Release in Other Systems 103 Bibliography 105 4 MILITARY USES 110 General Requirements 110 Capacities and Uses for Perchlorates 112 Capacities and Uses for Chlorates 114 Applications 114 Missiles and Rockets 115 Jatos and Boosters 118 Igniters and Signals 119 Miscellaneous 124 Bibliography 125 5 NEW MANUFACTURING DEVELOPMENTS 1 2b General Considerations 127 Chemical Processes 127 Thermal Process 128 Lead, Dioxide Chemical Process 129 Acid Disproportionation Process 130 The Ozone Process 131 Bibliography 135 CONFIDENTIAL iv NAVORD REPORT 7147 CONFIDENTIAL (OUE2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pg 2-1 Effect onBurning Rate of Replacing NI-14 C.10 4 with KC10 4 13 2-2 Effect on Calculated Specific Impulse of Replacing KC10 4 with NH~4 CIO 4 138 3-1 Burning Rate - Pressure Relationship for AIC1O (AlClO + 130% Lead) 139 CONFIDENTIAL V NAVORD REPORT 7147 CONFIDENTIAL (VOLUME 2) LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Composition and Characteristics of KClO 4 - Asphalt Propellant (Alt-161)(4 3) 141 2-2 Composition and Characteristics of a KC104- Resin Propellant (AK-14 MOD 1)(43) 142 2-3 Comparison of A KC10 4 Propellant with a Nitrocellulose-Base Propellant( 4 3 ) 143 2-4 Composition and Characteristics of aKC1O 4 - Nitrocellulose Propellant (M7 or T-4)(4 3 ) 144 2-5 Respective Advantages of KC10 4 and NH 4 C10 4 PropellantS(13) 145 2-6 Composition and Characteristics of a Typical Ammonium Perchlorate/ Polyester Resin Propellant (Ant 623)(43) 146 2-7 Composition and Characteristics of a Typical Ammonium Perchlorate/Polysulfide Propellant (T-13EI)( 4 3 ) 147 2-8 Composition and Characteristics of a Typical Ammonium Per chlorate /Vinyl Propellant (Arcite 251)( 4 3) 148 2-9 Composition and Characteristics of a Typical Ammonium Perchlorate/ Polyurethane Propellant (ANP2541CD Propellant)(4 3 ) 149 2-10 Composition and Characteristics of a Typical Ammonium Perchlorate/ Polyisobutylene Pro- pellant (R, D. 2304)(43) 150 2-11 Composition and Characteristics of an Ammonium Perchlorate-Nitrasol Propellant (H-3515)( 4 3 ) 151 2-12 Composition and Characteristics of an Ammonium Perchlorate - Double Base Propellant (BSQ)(43) 152 CONFIDENTIAL vi CONFIDENTIAL ~AVORD REPORT 7147 (VOLUME 2) LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd) Table Page 2-13 Composition and Characteristics of an Ammonium Perchlorate - Nitropolyurethane Propellant (ANP 2599CD MOD B)( 24 , 45) .153 2-14 Composition and Characteristics of an Ammonium Perchiorate - Petrin Acrylate Propellant (OYd) ( 4 3 ) 154 2-15 Composition and Characteristics of Some Potassium Perchlorate -Metal-Fluorocarbon Systems( 37) 155 3-1 Effect of Additives on the Burning Composite Characteristics of Propellants(23a) 156 3-2 Composition and Characteristics of Some Ammonium Perchlorate-Resin Binder Compositions 162 3-3 Combinations and Characteristics of Two Ammonium Perchlorate Explosives( 5 1 ) 163 3-4 Sensitivity Tests on Various Igniter Materials(5 3 ) 164 3-5 Ignitability Tests with Various Igniter Mixtures and JPN Propellant( 3 3 ) 165 3-6 Calculated Heats of Explosion of Metal-Ammonium Perchlorate Systems( 3 7 ) 166 3-7 Some Characteristics of the MIAl Squib 167 3-8 Some Characteristics of the M2 Squib 168 3-9 Some Characteristics of the MK 1 MOD 0 Squib( 8 ) 169 4-1 Military End Items Utilizing Perchlorates(2 ) 170 4-2 Perchlorate Requirements for Some Typical Aircraft Rockets( 8 ) 17] 4-3 Perchlorate Requirements for Some Typical JATO Units 172 4-4 Potassium Chlorate-Containing Squibs and Detonators 173 CONFIDENTIAL vii 7147 CONFIDENTIAL NAVORD1(VOLUM REPORT 2); CHAPTER 1. CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE CONFIDENTIAL NAVORD REPORT 7147 CONFIDENTIAL (VOLUME 2) CHAPTER 1. CHLORATES AND PERCHLORATES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE Introduction Most of the information pertaining to the characteristics, methods of manufacture and applications of chlorates and perchlorates does not lie within the realm of national defense and therefore is not subject to the restrictions of military security regulations. Such material comprises the contents of Volume I of this two-volume series on "Chlorates and Perchlo- rates." There is however, a certain amount of information on these com- pounds which is concerned with national defense. It is such material which makes up the contents of Volume II. In order to effect continuity in these two volumes, however, it has been necessary to include some unclassified infor- mation in Volume II. The perchlorates have assumed considerable importance in the last few years because of their use as oxidizers in solid propellants. Chlorates are not used as an ingredient in these propellants but are important as con- stituents of pyrotechnics and igniter