PENGUIN (Spheniscidae) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE PENGUIN TAXON ADVISORY GROUP IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Penguin Taxon Advisory Group. (2014). Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: August 2014 Authors and Significant Contributors: Tom Schneider, Detroit Zoological Society Lauren DuBois, Sea World California Diane Olsen, Moody Gardens Jessica Jozwiak, Detroit Zoological Society Cheryl Dykstra, John Ball Zoo Ed Diebold, Riverbanks Zoo Stephanie Huettner, Omaha Zoo Roberta Wallace, Milwaukee County Zoo Sherry Branch, Sea World Florida Alex Waier, Milwaukee County Zoo Gayle Sirpenski, Mystic Aquarium Kerri Slifka, Dallas Zoo Steve Sarro, National Zoo Roy McClements, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center Karen Waterfall, Albuquerque Biopark (deceased) Linda Henry, Sea World California Heather Urquhart, New England Aquarium Reviewers: Dee Boersma, University of Washington Pierre de Wit, Zoo Emmen AZA Staff Editors: Maya Seaman, MS, Animal Care Manual Publication Specialist Felicia Spector, MA, Animal Care Manual Editor Consultant Shelly Grow, Director, Conservation Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Senior Vice President, Conservation & Science Cover Photo Credits: Mike Aguilera, Steve Sarro, Heather Urquhart, Bob Flores and Amanda Ista Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2 Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Taxonomic Classification ...................................................................................................................... 5 Genus, Species, and Status ................................................................................................................. 5 General Information ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Temperature and Humidity ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Light ................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Water and Air Quality ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Sound and Vibration ..................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .................................................................................. 12 2.1 Space and Complexity .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Safety and Containment ............................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3. Transport ............................................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Preparations ................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Protocols ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4. Social Environment ........................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Group Structure and Size ............................................................................................................ 24 4.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics ........................................................................................ 25 4.3 Introductions and Reintroductions .............................................................................................. 26 Chapter 5. Nutrition ............................................................................................................................... 28 5.1 Nutritional Requirements .............................................................................................................. 28 5.2 Diets ................................................................................................................................................ 32 5.3 Nutritional Evaluations .................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 6. Veterinary Care .................................................................................................................. 35 6.1 Veterinary Services ....................................................................................................................... 35 6.2 Identification Methods ................................................................................................................... 36 6.3 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations ........................................ 37 6.4 Quarantine ...................................................................................................................................... 38 6.5 Preventive Medicine ...................................................................................................................... 39 6.6 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization ...................................................................................... 41 6.7 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation.............................................. 42 Chapter 7. Reproduction ...................................................................................................................... 51 7.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior ..................................................................................... 51 7.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology ............................................................................................ 52 7.3 Pregnancy & Egg-laying ............................................................................................................... 53 7.4 Birthing/Hatching Facilities .......................................................................................................... 56 7.5 Assisted Rearing ........................................................................................................................... 59 7.6 Contraception ................................................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 8. Behavior Management ..................................................................................................... 65 8.1 Animal Training .............................................................................................................................. 65 8.2 Environmental Enrichment ........................................................................................................... 65 8.3 Staff and Animal Interactions ...................................................................................................... 66 8.4 Staff Skills and Training ................................................................................................................ 67 Chapter 9. Program Animals ............................................................................................................... 68 9.1 Program Animal Policy ................................................................................................................. 68 Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3 Penguin (Spheniscidae) Care Manual 9.2 Institutional Program Animal Plans............................................................................................. 69 9.3 Program Evaluation .....................................................................................................................