Glanceability in Vehicle Head-Up Displays Jennifer Larsson Interaktionsdesign Bachelor 22.5HP Spring/2018 Supervisor: Henrik Svarrer Larsen 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 2 (av 55) Contact information Author: Jennifer Larsson E-mail: [email protected] Supervisor: Henrik Svarrer Larsen E-mail: [email protected] Malmö University, Konst, kultur och samhälle (K3) Examiner: Elisabet Nilsson E-mail: [email protected] Malmö University, Konst, kultur och samhälle (K3) 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 3 (av 55) Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to explore glanceability in a vehicle Heads-Up Display, with a focus on what factors should be considered in order to design for glanceability. The project has been conducted in cooperation with Uniti and Jayway, with the intended outcome to increase the knowledge about how to design glanceable vehicle Heads-Up displays. Through literature research and user-centred approaches, a low- fidelity prototype was created. From usability testing the low-fidelity prototype, knowledge was gained about needs, opportunities, problems, and observations, which was used in order to create a medium-fidelity prototype in a Virtual Reality setting. Usability tests were conducted on the medium-fidelity prototype, and the results were used in order to draw conclusions about what are the most important factors to consider when designing for a glanceable experience in a HUD. Significant factors were identified as the need for customisation in the HUD, auditory feedback, as well as relevance and amount of information presented to the user. Keywords: HUD, Heads-up Display, Virtual Reality, Glanceability, Augmented Reality, Car 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 4 (av 55) Acknowledgements I would like to thank all participants in the user tests and interviews for their time, and for making this thesis possible. I would also like to thank Joel Buhrman and Ludvig Åkesson, the authors of DriVR – A driving school simulator in VR for their assistance and for lending me their driving simulator for my prototype. I would like to thank my supervisor Henrik Svarrer Larsen for his guidance, and my contacts at Uniti, Kim Johansson and Bo Johansson Möller for their help. Thank you! 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 5 (av 55) 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 9 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................... 9 1.2 Delimitations ...................................................................................... 10 1.3 Target Group ...................................................................................... 10 1.4 Research question .............................................................................. 10 1.5 Contribution ....................................................................................... 10 1.6 Ethics ................................................................................................. 28 2 Companies ....................................................................................... 11 2.1 Uniti ................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Jayway ............................................................................................... 11 3 Theory ............................................................................................. 12 3.1 Heads-Up Displays .............................................................................. 12 3.2 Usability ............................................................................................. 15 3.3 Glanceability ...................................................................................... 15 4 Related work ................................................................................... 16 4.1 Existing heads-up in cars .................................................................... 16 4.2 Aftermarket ....................................................................................... 17 4.3 Heads-up display applications ............................................................ 18 5 Methodologies ................................................................................ 19 5.1 Design process model ......................................................................... 19 5.2 User-centred approach ....................................................................... 20 5.3 Literature research ............................................................................. 21 5.4 Iterations ........................................................................................... 22 5.5 Interviews .......................................................................................... 22 5.6 Observations ...................................................................................... 23 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 6 (av 55) 5.7 Sketching ........................................................................................... 25 5.8 Prototyping ........................................................................................ 25 5.9 Usability testing ................................................................................. 27 6 Design process ................................................................................. 29 6.1 Inspiration phase ................................................................................ 29 6.2 Ideation phase ................................................................................... 32 6.3 Implementation phase ....................................................................... 39 7 Main Findings .................................................................................. 45 8 Discussion / Conclusion .................................................................... 47 8.1 Discussion and Self Critique ................................................................ 47 8.2 Future direction ................................................................................. 49 8.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 50 References .............................................................................................. 51 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 7 (av 55) Figure 1: Mazda 3. Photo by Dambrāns, K. (2014) CC-BY 2.0 .............................. 17 Figure 2: The Hudway HUD. Photo by Automotive Italia, CC-BY 2.0 .................. 19 Figure 3. IDEO.org human-centred design process (IDEO.org, 2015). .................. 19 Figure 4 An overview of the design process inspired by IDEO.org, (2015) ........... 29 Figure 5: Navigational elements .............................................................................. 32 Figure 6: Navigational element placement in the HUD ........................................... 32 Figure 7: Sketched HUD elements .......................................................................... 33 Figure 8: Elements of user's windshield .................................................................. 34 Figure 10: Grouped interview comments ................................................................ 37 Figure 11: The VR car simulator ............................................................................. 39 Figure 12: Screenshot from the VR prototype ......................................................... 40 Figure 13: Interview results ..................................................................................... 43 Figure 14: Navigation element ................................................................................. 47 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 8 (av 55) Acronyms HUD – Heads Up Display AR – Augmented Reality VR – Virtual Reality Hi-Fi – High-Fidelity Lo-Fi – Low-Fidelity Mid-Fi – Medium-Fidelity 2018-05-18 (Dnr. ) 9 (av 55) 1 Introduction Heads Up Displays (HUDs) are getting more common in modern cars, where they are most often focused on navigation and measuring speed (Alves et al.,2013). As an effect of the significant technological revolution, vehicles have gone through significant changes and improvements (Alves et al., 2013), and the HUD is an example of that. This thesis explores the concept of glanceability within a vehicle HUD. Glanceability is achieved when allowing users to grasp displayed information with a quick glance (Matthews et al., 2006). In a car, there is the obvious added risk whenever the user, i.e. the driver, takes their eyes off the road, and because of that reason, glanceability is an essential part of any car HUD (Sun et al., 2015). Utilizing a HUD, according to Liu & Wen (2004), reduces the duration and amount that the drivers’ sight needs to deviate from the road, by giving the required information directly in the line of the drivers’ vision. By doing this, the HUD allows the driver to receive the information they require by glancing at it, which can increase road safety by minimising attention gaps for the driver (Liu & Wen, 2004). This thesis is written in collaboration with Jayway and Uniti, which are also considered to be stakeholders in this project. The target demographic, as well as the users researched in this thesis, are the same as Uniti’s target demographic, the creative class (Uniti, 2018). The research question that this thesis aims to answer is: “How can we design for a vehicle Heads-Up Display that does not interfere with the driver’s attention on the road, by using interaction design methods such as glanceability?” This thesis goes through the background theory, related works, the methods used to