Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1996 A Descriptive and Exploratory Case Study of the Evolution of Intercollegiate Athletics and Education at Loyola University Chicago: 1922-1994 Thomas G. Hitcho Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Hitcho, Thomas G., "A Descriptive and Exploratory Case Study of the Evolution of Intercollegiate Athletics and Education at Loyola University Chicago: 1922-1994" (1996). Dissertations. 3622. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3622 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1996 Thomas G. Hitcho LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO A DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AND EDUCATION AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO: 1922-1994 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND POLICY STUDIES BY THOMAS G. HITCHO DIRECTOR: STEVEN I. MILLER, PH.D. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY, 1996 Copyright by Thomas G. Hitcho, 1996 All Rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is conceptualized from an organizational dimension within a sociological perspective. It is a focus on the study of the roles which intercollegiate athletics plays, intramurally and extramurally, of one sectarian sponsored university in the American Midwest over the past six decades. Thanks are due to the administration of Loyola University Chicago which contributed greatly to the underwriting of the degree program of which this dissertation is one expression. The writer is indebted to the faculty and staff of the Graduate School and School of Education for their guidance and support. Specifically, appreciation is extended to the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Steven I. Miller, Dr. Marcel A Fredericks, and Dean Emeritus John Wozniak, for their suggestions and insights. Special gratitude is extended to Dr. Janet Fredericks, of Northeastern University, for her direction in organizational design in higher education and Dr. Kay Smith for her encouragement and support throughout my graduate studies. A special note of thanks is due to my colleagues in the Athletic Department for their inspiration and help throughout the years. Special recognition is due those members of the Department, namely George Ireland, Jerry Lyne, Gene Sullivan, and Chuck Schwarz. Their encouragement and iii leadership during my tenure has motivated me to carry on their tradition of living up to the challenge of using and developing, " ... knowledge and service to others." To the members of the study group-students, faculty, and staff-who have so graciously given their time during the preparation of this dissertation, the author offers his special thanks. Finally, gratitude is profoundly given to past, present, and in an anticipatory way, to the future members of the Society of Jesus whose efforts over time past, present, and hopefully future have so greatly benefited myself and others. TGH May, 1996 Loyola University Chicago iv To my late parents, John Hitcho and Helen Pranaitis Hitcho TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem The Sociological Context-Historical Overview Conclusion II. METHODOLOGY AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............. 51 Procedures and Methods of Research Introduction Research Design Sources of Data, Theoretical Foundation Research Purposes Theoretical Foundation; Frames, and Themes-Theories Motivation Leadership Conclusion 111. REPORT ON FINDINGS: PERCEPTIONS OF KEY INDIVIDUALS CONCERNING INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AT LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO: 1922-1994 ........................ 77 Introduction Methodology Synopsis v Qualitative Data: Biographical Sketches John "Hicks" Connelly Joseph Loftus George M. Ireland Raymond C. Baumhart John T. Dillon Summary Reporting of Data Conclusion IV. THE SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT FOR AN ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS: TITLE IX, NCCA, KNIGHT COMMISSION, AND BUILDING NEW TRADITIONS ....................... 124 The Social-Cultural Context: the NCAA and Title IX Hypothetical #1 Hypothetical #2 Hypothetical #3 Hypothetical #4 Building New Traditions V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ........................... 156 Introduction Summary and Findings The Historical Dimensions to a Social Context of an Organization vi Summary Implications for Further Research Closing Remarks Appendix A "BUILDING NEW TRADITIONS" ............................. 175 B. "INTERVIEW SCHEDULE" ................................ 205 C. CODING GUIDE ......................................... 213 WORKS CITED ................................................ 215 VITA ......................................................... 224 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW "It is a great achievement to have found one way in which men, as possessed of finite bodies involved in finite situations, can become self-complete." Introduction This dissertation studies, from a sociological perspective, the organization of one aspect of higher education utilizing themes, theories, and pertinent literature. To accomplish this task, it focuses on recent insights from formal studies analyzing significant trends in organizational behavior. Furthermore, the scope of this focus moves beyond a contemporary concentration on such behavior to one which includes the analysis of historical, archival material, and also information gained from interviews of key, prior, yet living, participants in the organization's development and administration over the past eight decades. This focus grounds itself for the collection and interpretation of its data from the perspectives developed in the sociological tradition. This tradition shows itself most clearly in the emphasis placed on organizational development developed by Lee G. Bolman and Terrence E. Deal in their study, Modern Approaches to Understanding and Managing Organizations. The unit of analysis for this study group is a single, sectarian American higher education institution. In 2 contrast to a public institution, this particular organization was selected because it afforded a continuity of management organizational structure and philosophy not often evidenced in comparable, publicly owned and managed educational organizations. Specifically, the study group of interviewees from this organization is drawn from participants involved in one activity of higher education: intercollegiate athletics. This activity is highlighted within organizational analysis due to the variety of values it represents within and without higher education in the United States. The dissertation is structured in the following way. First, Chapter I presents an introduction and statement of the problem. To attain this, the following format is introduced. Attention is given to the sociological context which gave rise to the development intercollegiate athletics in the United States. Then, Chapter II presents the theoretical foundation along with the design of research for the dissertation. This chapter highlights significant contributions relevant to this study by a review of pertinent literature. Following this, Chapter Ill reports the findings drawn from this sample group analysis utilizing the conceptual framework introduced in Chapter II. From this report applications are made using the same conceptual framework in Chapter IV to a specific issue crossing organizational lines yet addressed uniquely from the perspective of this study. Chapter V concludes the dissertation summarizing salient findings from the analysis as well as identifying recommendations for further research. Statement of the Problem This first chapter provides an introduction and statement of the problem under analysis. Specifically, this organizational research studies the key role played 3 in organizations of higher learning in the United States by intercollegiate athletics. Intercollegiate athletics as an organizational entity was chosen because it can be analyzed, within an educational institution, from a sociological perspective drawing upon contextual perspectives on historical and contemporary data. The analysis of such an activity, which endures over time and impacts on others, as a social force enables the organization the chance to see the ways in which other enduring programs impact on and are impacted by the social context in which they operate. To do this, the following format is followed. First, Chapter I discusses the rise of athletics within American higher education with special reference to Jesuit institutions. This contextualizes the historical and contemporary social setting in which the organization operates and to which the conceptual analysis is drawn. It specifically traces the history of the sports movement by highlighting the rise of football, basketball, and baseball. The development of track and water sports are noted in passing. While there is great reliance on published materials for this history, anecdotal information drawn from informal conversations, as well