história diplomática Brazilian Diplomatic Thought Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign Minister José Serra Secretary-General Ambassador Marcos Bezerra Abbott Galvão ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Institute of Research on International Relations Director Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Center for Diplomatic History and Documents Deputy Director Maria do Carmo Strozzi Coutinho Editorial Board of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Members Ambassador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Ambassador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Ambassador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Ambassador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Ambassador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Minister Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. José Vicente de Sá Pimentel editor HISTÓRIA DIPLOMÁTICA | 1 Brazilian Diplomatic Thought Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964) Volume I Brasília – 2016 Copyright ©Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília-DF Telefones: +55 (61) 2030-6033/6034 Fax: +55 (61) 2030-9125 Website: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Printed in Brazil Originally published as Pensamento Diplomático Brasileiro – Formuladores e Agentes da Política Externa (1750-1964) ©Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2013 Editorial Staff: Eliane Miranda Paiva André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão Translation: Rodrigo Sardenberg Paul Sekscenski Graphic Design: Daniela Barbosa Layout: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Map of the front cover: Designed under Alexandre de Gusmão’s guidance, the so-called “Mapa das Cortes” served as the basis of the negotiations of the Treaty of Madrid (1750). Map of the back cover: World-map made by the Venitian Jeronimo Marini in 1512, the first one to insert the name Brazil in it. It is also unique in placing the Southern Hemisphere at the top. Printed in Brazil 2016 B827 Brazilian diplomatic thought : policymakers and agents of foreign policy (1750- 1964) / José Vicente de Sá Pimentel (editor); Rodrigo Sardenberg, Paul Sekscenski (translation). – Brasília: FUNAG, 2016. 3 v. – (História diplomática) Título original: Pensamento diplomático brasileiro: formuladores e agentes da política externa. ISBN 978-85-7631-547-6 1. Diplomata 2. Diplomacia brasileira. 3. Política externa - história - Brasil. 4. História diplomática - Brasil. I. Pimentel, Vicente de Sá. II. Série. CDD 327.2 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. Foreword to the English edition In 2013, the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag), a think tank linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, convened a group of historians, international relations scholars, and diplomats, to discuss the formation of ideas and concepts throughout the evolution of Brazilian foreign policy. As a result of these meetings of highly respected intellectuals, the conclusion was reached that Brazilian diplomacy has historically developed its own patterns of thought in support of its actions. The promoters of the initiative endeavored to inspire further research and debate in order to advance and deepen the analysis of this broad and enriching field of study. “Brazilian Diplomatic Thought – Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964)” constitutes the outcome of Funag’s pioneering project of promoting public debate in the area. This three-volume publication identifies and analyzes the underlying concepts of Brazilian diplomacy since its inception – even before the independence of the country in 1822 – up to the year 1964. The work highlights the contributions of remarkable personalities who distinguished themselves in this conceptual elaboration. It also discusses the contexts in which core values and interests guided Brazil’s diplomatic actions during the period in question and beyond. Until recently, the available bibliography on this subject was limited. It even lacked an answer to the fundamental question: “Is there a Brazilian diplomatic thought?” And then, if one answers that question positively, “What are the foundations upon which Brazilian diplomatic thought was built, and what are its main features?” Additionally, one can ask: “What was the genesis of this thought, and where can one find the sources to document its evolution?” Then finally, “Who were the outstanding figures responsible for its formulation and implementation?” Given the importance of Brazil’s regional standing and its global projection, this exploratory effort in the nation’s diplomatic history is of equal interest to researchers and scholars abroad. The English and Spanish editions of this collection are, therefore, justified by making the findings accessible to a larger segment of the public. This scholarly work underscores the central role of diplomacy in the process of building the Brazilian nation-state. It also reveals how diplomacy helped to preserve the integrity of a land with continental dimensions, and peacefully settle the country’s borders with ten neighboring countries – among which were two European powers. The challenges of maintaining unity against a background of domestic ethnic and cultural diversity – in addition to external forces of fragmentation – were gradually overcome, and a common identity was forged. In a world in which nationalism and ethnicity, even today, make the concept of identity hard to achieve and sustain, this narrative on the construction of Brazil and the role played by its diplomats and statesmen will be of great interest to audiences beyond the country’s geographic borders. Being acquainted with South American history, one can better gauge the contribution of Brazilian diplomacy to establish long- lasting conditions for peace in the region. Geopolitical factors in South America make this continent one of the few areas in the world without serious interstate conflicts. This is not, however, an accident. In contrast to what happened in North America, much of it derives from the patterns Brazil established through the peaceful settlement of its borders based on international law principles negotiated bilaterally or through international arbitration. Such conditions were not the result of fortuitous circumstances; nor did they occur by chance. Rather, they were created by diplomatic effort and initiative, which consolidated a regional paradigm of foreign policy. 1 This three-volume collection should serve as a stimulus to further research on the evolution of Brazil’s foreign policy princi- ples, traditions and practices in order to promote knowledge on how South American rivalry, conflict and instability transitioned into confidence-building measures and, ultimately, an environment of international peace, cooperation and stability. The role of diplomacy in Brazilian history and the making of its identity are of such importance that one of the greatest heroes of the nation was a career diplomat, José Maria da Silva Paranhos Junior, also known as the Baron of Rio Branco. Inspired by good neighborliness and a commitment to international law, Rio Branco’s successful negotiations of border issues established not only the final shape of Brazil’s territory, but also a regional and hemispheric standard, with positive consequences for the international community as they enhanced principles and values, contributing to the consolidation of diplomacy, jus gentium, and the rule of law. 1 Examples of Brazil´s soft power are frequent in this work; they shape the narrative and characterize the country’s foreign policy. Although less conspicuous, cases in which hard power was used also play an important role. Brazil was, for example, the only country in Latin America to have participated in the two World Wars. In the Second World War, it was, again, the only Latin American nation to have fought in the European military theater. In contrast to the fragmentation of Hispanic America, territorial integrity and the integration of diverse regions were challenging symbols of nation building in both the Imperial and Republican eras of Brazil. The dual processes of ensuring national unity through integrity and integration included elements of political, legal and diplomatic judgment, which were gradually formulated and established as a historical paradigm by diplomats and political leaders alike. There are always methodological difficulties in the elaboration of a project such as this one. We readily acknowledge, for example, that the selected figures do not exhaust all foreign-policy makers and agents who contributed to the realization of the principles and ideas that represent Brazilian diplomatic thought. One aim of this initiative is to inspire others to improve and complete the narrative, in both its temporal dimension – beyond 1964 – and its geographic scope. The chapters in these three volumes could be enhanced by the