Open Science: The Big Picture Koen Vermeir (CNRS, Paris) The History of « Open Science » The History of « Open Science » does not exist The History of « Open Science » cannot exist OPEN SCIENCE OPEN SCIENCE Open Access OPEN SCIENCE Open Access Open Data OPEN SCIENCE Open Access Open Data Open Peer Review Open Software OPEN SCIENCE Open Methodology Open Collaboration Open Access Open Data Open Teaching Open Peer Review Open Software Open Science Evaluation Open Science Tools Open Science Policy OPEN SCIENCE Open Methodology Open Collaboration Open Access Open Data Open Teaching Open Peer Review Open Software Open Science Evaluation Open Science Tools Open Science Policy Public Engagement Citizen Science Collaboration Free Access Adaptability Gratis Education Sharing Re‐use Technology Open Source Transfer Transparency Evaluation Replicability Funding Credit • What is « Open »? • Openness & Science: – Merton: openness as « communism » (1942) openness vs secrecy ‐ military ‐ commercial/industry science – Historical approach to openness and science Paradigm Shift: (Propietary?) Patents? Secrecy? Industry Science? Military Science? SHARING Open Methodology (connecting, engaging, interacting) Open Collaboration Open Access Open Data Open Teaching Open Peer Review Open Software Open Science Evaluation Open Science Tools Open Science Policy • What is « Science »? • Academic, military, industry science? • What is « Science »? • Academic, military, industry science? Historically? • Natural philosophy vs science? • What is « Science »? • Academic, military, industry science? Historically? • Natural philosophy vs science? • Different sciences; disciplines? Or a unity of science? • Science, Applied Science, Technology? Or technoscience? • What is « Science »? • Academic, military, industry science? Historically? • Natural philosophy vs science? • Different sciences; disciplines? Or a unity of science? • Science, Applied Science, Technology? Or technoscience? • Expertise? • Knowledge in general? What is the History of Open Science? Timeline: What are relevant similarities and differences? For OS: context of big science, global science, interconnectedness « Open Science » is a recent concept Recent « History » of Open Science Public Engagement Citizen Science Collaboration Free Access Adaptability Gratis Education Sharing Re‐use Technology Open Source Transfer Transparency Evaluation Replicability Funding Credit OPEN SCIENCE Public Engagement Citizen Science Collaboration Free Access Adaptability Gratis Education Sharing Re‐use Technology Open Source Transfer Transparency Evaluation Replicability Funding Credit The Historiography of « Open Science » • Seminal work, by Paul A. David: (Often credited with coining the concept in the ‘90s) David, Paul A. (2008) "The Historical Origins of 'Open Science': An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution," Capitalism and Society: Vol. 3: Iss. 2, Article 5. • Emergence of Open Science in 16th, 17th century – launches Scientific Revolution • Break with dominant ethos of secrecy • New set of norms: rapid disclosure of knowledge = response to specific socio‐political situation: fragmented political authority (princes, city states) • Scientists compete for patronage • But patrons are no experts: to evaluate, scientists publicise knowledge, judged by peers • Result: Professional autonomy Logical Origins vs Historical Origin Story: ‐ The history of mathematical challenges (Fermat) ‐ Correspondence network (openness?) Implications: ‐ Specific and contingent origins of (Open) Science ‐ Scientific methods or results in themselves don’t guarantee unique cultural ethos of Open Science. ‐ « Open science norms and institutions are a social innovation whose workings must be continually re‐created as “social facts” » Challenges: Lessons • Methodology: projecting logical Assumptions of economic origins modeling « Rational self interest » • The Facts: Open Science before more contexts may fit OS the 16th Century (and after) • Who publishes? OS ≠ Evaluation or credit • Mathematics and secrecy Beyond Open/Secret dichotomy an + bn = cn; n > 2 • Old Historiography (big • In fact, special case, in which reputation was (to some extent) names, priority, standardized and quantified scientific revolution) (Link evaluation and quantification, but special at the time) Sources: • Motivations? Self Interest • sharing, participation, collaboration, communication legitimation, transparency… • Openness? Secrecy? • What do we value? Or neither • How do we show this? (Big Data; Open data) * Open Science is about changes in what we value • Technologies Results: • Question and re‐think relation between Open Science and evaluation… – Not necessary – Different kinds • Explore variety of internal and external conditions that support Open Science • 16th and 17th century are not about « open science » Part of: Digital Revolution: • Access • Communication • Big Data • Robots • … • Open Science as Technology Driven • Open Science as Sharing … changes scientific practice • David’s fear: Open Science as contingent • Merton’s fear: norms make science strong and vulnerable Conclusion: the History of « Open Science » Full Disclosure: research: Vermeir, K., & Margocsy, D. (2012). States of Secrecy. British Journal for the History of Science, 45(2), 153–164. Vermeir, K. (2012). Openness versus Secrecy. Some historical and conceptual issues. British Journal for the History of Science, 45(2), 165–188. Vermeir, K. (2013). Scientific Research: Commodities or Commons? Science & Education, 22(10), 2485–2510. Retrieved from Militant: Charlotte Bolwin / GYA.