History of Christian-Muslim Relations Editorial Board David Thomas, University of Birmingham Tarif Khalidi, American University of Beirut Gabriel Said Reynolds, University of Notre Dame Mark Swanson, Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Volume 17 Christians and Muslims have been involved in exchanges over matters of faith and morality since the founding of Islam. Attitudes between the faiths today are deeply coloured by the legacy of past encounters, and often preserve centuries-old negative views. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Texts and Studies presents the surviving record of past encounters in authoritative, fully introduced text editions and annotated translations, and also monograph and collected studies. It illustrates the development in mutual perceptions as these are contained in surviving Christian and Muslim writings, and makes available the arguments and rhetorical strategies that, for good or for ill, have left their mark on attitudes today. The series casts light on a history marked by intellectual creativity and occasional breakthroughs in communication, although, on the whole beset by misunderstanding and misrepresentation. By making this history better known, the series seeks to contribute to improved recognition between Christians and Muslims in the future. The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/hcmr Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 4 (1200-1350) Edited by David Thomas and Alex Mallett with Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala, Johannes Pahlitzsch, Mark Swanson, Herman Teule, John Tolan LEIDEN • BOstON 2012 front cover illustration: This shows the Gate of the two Baptisms at the Mar Behnam Monastery near Mosul. The overall design of this Christian monument and decoration bear close similarities to the Mausoleum of Imām ʿAwn al-Dīn in Mosul, built by the Shīʿī ruler Badr al-Dīn Luʾluʾ in 1248. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Christian Muslim relations : a bibliographical history / edited by David Thomas & Alex Mallett; with Juan Pedro Monferrer-Sala . [et al.]. p. cm. — (The history of Christian-Muslim relations, ISSN 1570-7350 ; v. 17) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-22854-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Christianity and other religions— Islam. 2. Islam—Relations—Christianity. 3. Christianity and other religions—Islam— Bibliography. 4. Islam—Relations—Christianity—Bibliography. I. Thomas, David. II. Roggema, Barbara. III. Monferrer Sala, Juan Pedro. IV. Title. V. Series. BP172.C4196 2009 016.2612’7—dc22 2009029184 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1570-7350 ISBN 9789004228542 (hardback) ISBN 9789004228559 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xi Herman G.B. Teule, Christian-Muslim religious interaction 1200-1350. A historical and contextual introduction ........................ 1 Daniel G. König, Medieval Western European perceptions of the Islamic world. From ‘active othering’ to the ‘voices in between’ 17 Sharon Kinoshita and Siobhain Bly Calkin, Saracens as idolaters in European vernacular literatures ..................................................... 29 David M. Freidenreich, Muslims in Eastern canon law, 1000-1500 ...... 45 Works on Christian-Muslim relations 1200-1350 ................................. 59 Index of Names ............................................................................................ 1011 Index of Titles ............................................................................................... 1020 FOREWORD David Thomas Christian-Muslim relations. A bibliographical History 4 (CMR 4) is the fourth volume of a general history of relations between Christians and Muslims as this is recorded in written sources. Earlier volumes cover the years 600 to 1200, and this volume continues from 1200 to 1350. Volume 5 will take it further to 1500, and it is planned to continue from 1500 to 1900 in further volumes in coming years. This and the other volumes up to 1500 cover the geographical area of what can loosely be called the extended Mediterranean basin, while later volumes will follow Muslims and Christians through all parts of the world as they have recorded their attitudes about one another and their mutual encounters in a multitude of new circumstances and in almost every society. The intention of this project is to include documented accounts of all the known works written by Christians and Muslims about one another and against one another. These accounts are designed to provide a starting point for scholarly investigation into the works and their authors, and into whatever relationships exist between them, paving the way for a full and detailed history of Christian-Muslim relations, with all the currents and influences comprised within it. Of course, this is more than a single individual or group could accomplish. The project leaders have drawn upon the expertise of the scholarly community, which has been readily and generously given, and have been assisted by leading authorities. The result is a succession of entries that reflect the latest scholarship, and in many instances take it forward. Naturally, this scholarship does not stand still, and so updates on details of the entries are invited, together with additions and corrections where, despite all our best efforts, there are omissions and mistakes. In this volume, like its predecessors, a series of essays covers writings that are of major importance to Christian-Muslim relations but do not fit easily into the format adopted for entries on individual works. While the topics covered in these essays include information of basic importance for the attitudes of Muslims and Christians towards one another, the individual elements of which they are made up – scattered mentions in historical and geographical works, single clauses in treaties and commercial agreements, and isolated legal statements amid large bodies viii foreword of other rulings and regulations – each present a single tiny part of a picture that only becomes more complete and comprehensible when they are all brought together. The introductory essay surveys relations between the faiths in the whole period 1200-1350. Following these essays come the entries that make up the bulk of the volume. The basic criterion employed was to choose works written substantially about or against the other faith, or containing significant information or judgements that cast light on attitudes of one faith towards the other. Thus, by their very nature, apologetic and polemical works are included, while with some exceptions large historical and geographical works are usually not, even though they may refer to the other in passing. Only works that contribute in a major way towards building the picture of the one as seen by the other and of attitudes between them are included. This principle criterion is easily applicable in many cases, but it proves difficult in a significant minority of instances. An inclusive approach has therefore been adopted, especially with respect to works that may contain only small though insightful details or only appear to touch obliquely on relations, and also to works that are no longer extant and whose contents can only be inferred from a title or a reference by a later author. It is possible that future discoveries will either confirm these decisions or show that they have made too many concessions. Another criterion that should be explained is that inclusion of works within this volume was decided according to the date of their author’s death, not according to the date when the works appeared. This is because many works from this period give no indication of a date, though our adoption of this approach has led to evident anomalies at either end where authors are mainly or almost entirely active in one century but have died at the beginning of the next. If this seems arbitrary, it is balanced by the consideration that any other criterion would also involve decisions that might easily be challenged. Each entry is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the author, and it contains basic biographical details, an account of his (as far as can be told, all authors were male) main intellectual activities and writings, the main primary sources of information about him, and the latest works about him by present-day scholars. Without aiming to be exhaustive, this section