LITERATURE REVIEW DEMOGRAPHICS, RESIDENTIAL CARE IN THE LITERATURE, WORKFORCE CHALLENGES AND OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS RELATING TO RESIDENTIAL CARE ISSUES Marlyn Bennett and Richard De La Ronde March 2005 LITERATURE REVIEW CONTENTS LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................................................1 List of Figures:.....................................................................................................................................................3 List of Tables: ......................................................................................................................................................4 A. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................5 1) Methodology...............................................................................................................................................5 2) Background ................................................................................................................................................6 3) Aboriginal Justice Inquiry – Child Welfare Initiative ................................................................................7 B. DEMOGRAPHICS ..............................................................................................................................................9 1) General Population Statistics......................................................................................................................9 2) Aboriginal Population Statistics (Métis, Inuit, First Nation)....................................................................11 3) Children in Care .......................................................................................................................................16 4) Population Projections..............................................................................................................................22 5) Age ...........................................................................................................................................................24 6) Possible Impacts on Residential Care Facilities .......................................................................................25 7) Sources Cited in this Section ....................................................................................................................27 C. RESIDENTIAL CARE IN THE LITERATURE...............................................................................................29 1) Literature Focusing on Specific Services, Treatment and Residential Care Approaches in other Jurisdictions .......................................................................................................................................................29 2) Gaps in the Research on Residential Care................................................................................................51 3) Sources Cited in this Section ....................................................................................................................55 D. RECRUITMENT/RETENTION OF A RESIDENTIAL AND CHILD WELFARE WORKFORCE...............58 1) Perceptions of the Profession ...................................................................................................................58 2) Shortages in the Profession.......................................................................................................................59 3) Stress, Trauma, Burnout and Turnover in the Profession.........................................................................59 4) Cost Factors Associated with Turnover....................................................................................................64 5) The Organization’s Climate......................................................................................................................65 6) Suggestions for Improving Retention.......................................................................................................66 7) Sources Cited for this Section...................................................................................................................70 E. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS...........................................................................................................................74 1) Poverty......................................................................................................................................................79 2) Single Parent Families..............................................................................................................................80 3) Violence....................................................................................................................................................82 4) Substance Misuse .....................................................................................................................................87 5) Education..................................................................................................................................................91 6) Housing ....................................................................................................................................................94 7) Disability ..................................................................................................................................................98 8) Justice .....................................................................................................................................................104 9) Sources Cited in this Section ..................................................................................................................124 F. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................130 G. REFERENCES CITED....................................................................................................................................133 H. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................158 I. APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................................222 - 2 - List of Figures: Page Figure 1: Manitoba Population (Age and Gender) 10 Figure 2: Population Reporting Aboriginal Ancestry 12 Figure 3: Aboriginal Child and Adolescent Population in Manitoba 13 Figure 4: Composite of the Urban Aboriginal Population in Winnipeg 14 Figure 5: Winnipeg Aboriginal Population by Age Group 15 Figure 6: Number of Children Placed by Reporting Agency 18 Figure 7: Number of Aboriginal Children Placed by Reporting Agency 19 Figure 8: Children in Placement Care by Ethnicity and Age 20 Figure 9: Number of Children by Placement 22 Figure 10: Number of Children Registered for Services 99 Figure 11: Family Support Services 100 Figure 12: Type of Disability for Children Aged 0-4 101 Figure 13: Type of Disability for Children Aged 5-14 102 Figure 14: Rate of Youth Incarceration by Jurisdiction 104 Figure 15: Admission to Remand, Secure and Open Custody and Probation for 106 the Province of Manitoba, 1998-1999 Figure 16: Participation in Alternative Measures by Jurisdiction 107 Figure 17: Children Engage in a Variety of Risk-Taking Behaviours 108 Figure 18: Children Engaged in Risk-Taking Behaviour have Greater Contact 108 with Police Figure 19: Peer Influence on Risk-Taking Behaviour 109 Figure 20: Behavioural Problems Increase with Parents’ Parenting Styles 110 Figure 21: Incarceration Rates for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Youth in 115 Canada Figure 22: Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Involvement in Child Welfare 119 System - 3 - List of Tables: Page Table 1: Cross Tabulation of Total Days Care in Placement by Age 21 Table 2: Age Distribution of Manitoba Youth 104 Table 3: Number of Charges, Cases and Persons Heard in Court for 1998-2000 in 105 Manitoba Table 4: Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Youth in Custody by Jurisdiction 114 Table 5: Living Arrangements of Aboriginal Youth in Custody 117 - 4 - A. INTRODUCTION This literature review sets out for consultation the data and literature of all published and unpublished sources that have been read, analyzed and consulted to date that may be relevant to the Province-Wide Assessment of Out-of-Home Care Needs. The literature review is set in the context of the Office of the Children’s Advocate: Review of the Operations of the Winnipeg Child & Family Services Emergency Assessment Placement Department (EAPD) Shelter System, and the Manitoba Family Services and Housing: Response and Action Plan to the Office of the Children’s Advocate Shelter System Review Report, to facilitate a focused province wide needs assessment of residential care needs for children in Manitoba. This literature review focuses on specific subject matter relating to policy, standards, methodologies, demographics, effect and financial costs, that directly and/or indirectly impact on the out-of-home care services being provided, the service providers who work within the system, and the children and youth who are serviced by the system. An attempt was made to relate the subject matter to key issues and themes identified in the reports