MASTER THESIS RECLAIMING DIVERSITY: THE PRACTICE AND EVERYDAY POLITICS OF A LOCAL FOOD MOVEMENT IN FLORES TIMUR-INDONESIA By Mochammad Subkhi Hestiawan Student name : Mochammad Subkhi Hestiawan Student number : 880207574090 Study Program : Msc. Development and Rural Innovation Credits : 30 ECTS Course Number : SDC-80433 Course Name : Msc Thesis Sociology of Development and Change Supervised by : Dr. ir. Pieter de Vries, SDC group, Wageningen University, Nadya Karimasari, PHD candidate Wageningen University Examination : Rosa de Vos Date : August, 2016 Picture at front : Personal collection, "lonely Farmer" Bomberay 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my greatest appreciation and sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor Pieter de Vries and Nadya Karimasari for support, guidance, and patience during the research and this thesis. This thesis would not exist without your valuable direction and input. I wish to extend heartfelt thanks to my family in Rembang and Bandung, Indonesia. To my beautiful wife Adhiti larasati and my beloved daughter Azra Denaya Imani, for every drop of love, prayers and blessing – both of you are my greatest motivation. To my parents Slamet Basuki and Imroatul Qudsiyah, and also my parents-in-law Laksono Budi Prasetyo and Yuke Triana Yuliati, and little brother Adhika Wimbardi. With your prayers, support and encouragement, I can overcome challenges smoothly throughout my study in Wageningen. My next gratitude is to all Indonesian friends, family and student association in Wageningen for making Wageningen a home far away from home. To all MDR-29 comrades and lecturers: Thanks for all kindness, care, and love we all share together in every moment. It's such an honour and I'm grateful to meet and collaborate with the all of you in wonderful circumstances. I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to LPDP-scholarship (Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education) and everyone in Indonesia for giving a opportunity to obtain a masters degree in one of the best universities. For me, it is a life-changing event. It strengthens my vow to applied my acquired knowledge for Indonesia. Last but not least, sincere thanks to everyone supporting my fieldwork: Maria Loretha, Romo Benyamin Daud, Jerry Letor, Puji Sumedi, Yaspensel, YCAP, KEHATI, Zefrinus and Adi Nugraha (MDR Alumni network), Petrus Lamba Awang (IBEKA-East Sumba) and all friends, family and farmers in Jakarta, Bandung, Rembang, Flores Timur, Adonara, Larantuka, Lembata and Kupang. Thank you to all respondents for the support, interesting discussions and information during my research in Indonesia. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figure .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 6 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7 I.1 The Theme ...................................................................................................................................... 8 I.2 Problem Statement (State facilitated food regime versus food movement)................................. 10 I.3 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 12 I.4 Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................................. 13 I.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 16 I.6 Context Information ...................................................................................................................... 18 I.6 Structure of Thesis ......................................................................................................................... 23 II. The Trajectories Of Food In Indonesia ...............................................................................................24 II. 1 How Hegemony works in history of Indonesia ............................................................................ 24 II.2 From Jakarta to Larantuka ........................................................................................................... 30 II.3 The Recent Shift ........................................................................................................................... 34 III. Actors And Power dynamic in Flores Timur ......................................................................................38 III. 1 Flores Timur Society .................................................................................................................. 38 III.2 Adat In Everyday Live ................................................................................................................. 39 III.3 Catholicism In Flores Timur ......................................................................................................... 40 III. 4 The State .................................................................................................................................... 42 III. 4 The Rising Of New Actors (Movement and NGO Consortium) ................................................... 45 IV. Farmer practice and everyday politics ..............................................................................................51 IV.1 Farmer Practice In Four Village .................................................................................................... 51 IV.2 Farmer everyday politics characteristic ...................................................................................... 65 V. The Contest of Alternativeness ..........................................................................................................70 V.1 Defining food sovereignty versus food security in Flores Timur context ..................................... 70 V.2 Food security and food sovereignty contestation ........................................................................ 74 V.3 Revisiting food sovereignty, diversity of sovereignty .................................................................. 76 VI. Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................80 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................................85 4 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map Of Indonesia .................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2 Government Hierarchy ........................................................................................................... 20 Figure 3 Flores Timur Position In Indonesia Map.................................................................................. 22 Figure 4 Jakarta To Larantuka Relative Position .................................................................................... 30 Figure 5 Illustration Of Plants In The Kebun .......................................................................................... 34 Figure 6 State Representation In The Village ........................................................................................ 42 Figure 7 Power Dynamic And Actor Shift .............................................................................................. 44 Figure 8 Volunteers And Activists Of Yaspensel And Ycap .................................................................... 47 Figure 9 Ycap Evolution ......................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 10 Ngo Village Visit And Consolidation ...................................................................................... 49 Figure 11 Locations Of Villages And Capital .......................................................................................... 52 Figure 12 A Farmer's Typical Farm Homestead In Ratulodong ............................................................ 54 Figure 13 Kawalelo's Settlement ........................................................................................................... 59 Figure 14 Pajinian's Typical Livelihood .................................................................................................. 61 Figure 15 Abandoned Land, Used Land And Abandoned Tractor In Serinuho ..................................... 64 Figure 16 Farmer Engagement Map ...................................................................................................... 66 Figure 17 Flores Food Movement Petition On Change.Org .................................................................. 81 Figure 18 Early Food Sovereignty Scheme ............................................................................................ 84 Figure 19 The Next Shift : Multiple Sovereignty ................................................................................... 85 Figure 20 Multiple Sovereignty And Relational Scale ..........................................................................