Introduction J. M. P. Alves Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics in Parasitology Department of Parasitology, ICB, USP BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 ● Introduction to computers and computing (UNIX) ● Linux basics ● Introduction to the Bash shell ● Connecting to this course’s virtual machine J.M.P. Alves 2 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 TuxThe Linux mascot “TUXedo”... By Larry Ewing, 1996 ...or Torvalds UniX Tux's ancestor J.M.P. Alves 3 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Linux (Unix) & science Why so popular together? ● Historical reasons (programs made for Unix/Linux) ● Available on any kind of computer, especially powerful servers ● Works efficiently with humongous text files (head, tail, sort, cut, paste, grep, etc.) ● Complicated tasks can be made easy by concatenating simpler commands (piping) ● Creating new programs is easy – tools just one or two commands (or clicks) away (gcc, g++, python, perl) ● Stable, efficient, open (free software), no cost (software for free) J.M.P. Alves 4 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 What IS this Linux, anyway? J.M.P. Alves 5 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Operating system J.M.P. Alves 6 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 An operating system is a collection of programs that initialize the computer's hardware, providing basic instructions for the control of devices, managing and scheduling tasks, and regulating their interactions with each other. J.M.P. Alves 7 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 You WhatsApp Android Phone J.M.P. Alves 8 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 You MUSCLE Linux Computer J.M.P. Alves 9 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 formerly: J.M.P. Alves 10 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 History J.M.P. Alves 11 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 CTSS – compatible time-sharing system Fernando J. Corbató, Marjorie M. Daggett, Robert C. Daley ● Developed at the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) ● Introduced in November 1961, running on an IBM 7090 ● In 1963, already worked very well and was used by scientific researchers for heavy computing ● Several people can use the machine at the same time (time-sharing) J.M.P. Alves 12 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 CTSS – compatible time-sharing system Fernando J. Corbató, Marjorie M. Daggett, Robert C. Daley 80-column punch card J.M.P. Alves 13 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 MULTICS – multiplexed information and computing service ● Developed at MIT (Fernando J. Corbató), General Electric and AT&T Bell Labs, from 1964 to 1969 (last system ran until 2000) ● Introduced several innovations that were influential in the development of all other operating systems ● Hierarchical file system (“tree”) ● Shell – “covers” the kernel; layer of user-computer interaction ● Tried to increase the system's versatility and flexibility ● Very complex and heavy on computational resources J.M.P. Alves 14 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 UNICS – uniplexed information and computing service UNIX ● Bothered by Multics' complexity and inefficiency, Bell Labs researchers slowly abandoned the development consortium ● In 1969, (former Multics) programmers Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, M. D. McIlroy and J. F. Ossanna created a new, simpler system, but with similar goals ● Originally, it was supposed to be just a tool for programmers to use in their development of applications for other systems J.M.P. Alves 15 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 UNICS – uniplexed information and computing service UNIX ● However, the system grew in usage in academia (code freely shared), with users creating their own tools and redistributing the system ● The Unix philosophy: combining small programs that each do only one thing (but do it well), instead of having large programs that do a lot of things (but not as well done): “the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves” – Brian W. Kernighan & Rob Pike, 1984 J.M.P. Alves 16 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Not shown in the figure above, but just as important GNU http://www.gnu.org/ J.M.P. Alves 18 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 September 1983 – Richard M. Stallman From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft Subject: new Unix implementation Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA Free Unix! Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text … … … https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html J.M.P. Alves 19 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 GNU GPLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License J.M.P. Alves 20 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Free (?) software Free beer Free speech X J.M.P. Alves 21 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Free Software It means the user has freedoms (nothing to do with price) The four essential freedoms (GPL) 0) To run the program in any way, anywhere you want 1) To study and modify the program’s source code 2) To redistribute original copies of the program 3) To distribute modified copies of the program https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html J.M.P. Alves 22 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 The kernel is the part of operating system that is closest to the hardware Services provided by the kernel: ● Device drivers (keyboard, screen, printer, disks etc.) ● Process (“program”) manager ● Memory management ● System calls J.M.P. Alves 23 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 The operating system kernel is the last stronghold between the user and the hardware itself J.M.P. Alves 24 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Kernel panic J.M.P. Alves 25 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 GNU's kernel HURD (pun on “herd”) Started in 1990… ...and still unfinished J.M.P. Alves 26 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 https://xkcd.com/1508/ J.M.P. Alves 27 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 J.M.P. Alves 28 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Linus Torvalds 21 year old Finnish student, 1991 Message to the Usenet comp.os.minix newsgroup: From: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds) Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? Summary: small poll for my new operating system Message-ID: Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT Organization: University of Helsinki Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and A few moments later... professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus ([email protected]) PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(. J.M.P. Alves 29 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Soon, a community formed around that little project... • 1993 – First Linux distribution: Slackware • 1993 – Debian project starts • 1994 – RedHat and SuSE distributions are released • 2004 – Ubuntu, based on Debian. One of the most popular Linux distributions. Simple to install and use. DistroWatch http://distrowatch.com J.M.P. Alves 30 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 + = GNU / Linux https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy J.M.P. Alves 31 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Everyone here uses Linux (...or some other kind of Unix, daily, and not just in this course!) J.M.P. Alves 32 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 J.M.P. Alves 33 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 ~86% J.M.P. Alves 34 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 J.M.P. Alves 35 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 GNU GPL(and other free software licenses) J.M.P. Alves 36 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 J.M.P. Alves 37 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Your Facebook photos are here... J.M.P. Alves 38 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 http://www.google.com/about/datacenters/gallery/ YouTube videos, Gmail e-mails, your Google search… come from here J.M.P. Alves 39 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Linux in action J.M.P. Alves 40 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Unity (old Ubuntu) https://www.ubuntu.com J.M.P. Alves 41 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 GNOME 3.x (Ubuntu) J.M.P. Alves 42 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 GNOME 3.16 J.M.P. Alves 43 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Xfce (Xubuntu) J.M.P. Alves 44 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Cinnamon (Mint) J.M.P. Alves 45 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 KDE J.M.P. Alves 46 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Command-line interface one interface to rule them all, and in the darkness bind them J.M.P. Alves 47 / 82 BMP0260 / ICB5765 / IBI5765 Living together in harmony or: how to have more than one system in the same machine • Dual booting – Windows (using grub – Linux boot manager) or Mac (Boot Camp) • Exporting an X-Window (a.k.a. X11 or just X) terminal • Terminal + Xquartz on Mac • PuTTY + Xming on Windows • X-Win32 (commercial) e MobaXterm (freeware) – X11 clients • Use a program for remote access of the desktop’s graphical interface.