22183_CH01_Pass3.qxd 11/11/11 11:19 AM Page 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION chapter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR1 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIntroduction SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to EthicsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Karen L. Rich © Jones & Bartlett Learning,A seed will LLConly become a flower if it gets sun© and Jones water. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR—L OUISSALEGOTTSCHALK OR DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC After NOTreading FOR this chapter, SALE the OR reader DISTRIBUTION should be able to: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. Define the terms ethics and morals and discuss philosophical uses of these terms. 2. Discuss systems of moral reasoning as they have been used © Jones & Bartlettthroughout Learning,history. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR3. SALEEvaluate OR a variety DISTRIBUTION of ethical theories and approaches to useNOT in FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION personal and professional relationships. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Introduction LLC to Ethics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORIn DISTRIBUTION the world today, “we are in the throes of aNOT giant ethicalFOR leapSALE that isOR essen- DISTRIBUTION tially embracing all of humankind” (Donahue, 1996, p. 484). Scientific and technological advances, economic realities, pluralistic worldviews, and global communication make it difficult for nurses to ignore the important ethical issues in ©the Jones world community, & Bartlett their Learning, everyday lives, LLC and their work. As con- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC troversialNOT and sensitive FOR SALEethical issues OR continueDISTRIBUTION to challenge nurses and other NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION healthcare professionals, many professionals have begun to develop an appre- ciation for traditional philosophies of ethics and the diverse viewpoints of others. Ethical directives are not always clearly evident, and people sometimes dis- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC agree about what is right and wrong. These factors lead some people to believe NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22183_CH01_Pass3.qxd 11/11/11 11:19 AM Page 4 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Ethics © Jonesthat ethics & Bartlett can be based Learning, merely on LLC personal opinions. However,© if nursesJones are & to Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT enterFOR into SALE the global OR dialogue DISTRIBUTION about ethics, they must do more thanNOT practice FOR ethics SALE OR DISTRIBUTION based simply on their personal opinions, their intuition, or the unexamined beliefs that are proposed by other people. It is important for nurses to have a basic under- standing of the concepts, principles, approaches, and theories that have been used © Jones & Bartlettin Learning,studying ethics LLC throughout history so that they© canJones identify & andBartlett analyze Learning,ethical LLC issues and dilemmas that are relevant to nurses in the 21st century. Mature ethical NOT FOR SALE ORsensitivities DISTRIBUTION are critical to ethical practice, and asNOT Hope (2004)FOR proposed,SALE OR “we DISTRIBUTIONneed to develop our hearts as well as our minds” (p. 6). The Meaning of Ethics and Morals © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWhen narrowly defined according© Jones to its original & Bartlett use, ethics Learning, is a branch LLC of philos- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONophy that used to study idealNOT human FOR behavior SALE and OR ideal DISTRIBUTION ways of being. The approaches to ethics and the meanings of related concepts have varied over time among philosophers and ethicists. For example, Aristotle believed that ideal behav- iors were practices that lead to the end goal of eudaimonia, which is synonymous © Joneswith a& high Bartlett level of happinessLearning, or well-being; LLC on the other hand, Immanuel© Jones Kant, & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT anFOR 18th-century SALE ORphilosopher DISTRIBUTION and ethicist, believed that ideal behaviorNOT was FOR acting SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in accordance with one’s duty. For Kant, well-being meant having the freedom to exercise autonomy (self-determination), not being used as a means to an end, being treated with dignity, and having the capability to think rationally. As a philosophical discipline of study, ethics is a systematic approach to under- © Jones & Bartlettstanding, Learning, analyzing, LLC and distinguishing matters ©of rightJones and wrong,& Bartlett good and Learning, bad, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORand DISTRIBUTION admirable and deplorable as they relate to theNOT well-being FOR SALEof and the OR relation- DISTRIBUTION ships among sentient beings. Ethical determinations are applied through the use of formal theories, approaches, and codes of conduct, such as codes that are devel- oped for professions and religions. Ethics is an active process rather than a static condition, so some ethicists use the expression doing ethics. When people are doing © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ethics, they need to support their beliefs and assertions with sound reasoning; in NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONother words, even if people believeNOT that FOR ethics SALE is totally OR subjective, DISTRIBUTION they must be able to justify their positions through logical, theoretically based arguments. Feelings and emotions are a normal part of everyday life and can play a legitimate role in doing ethics. However, people sometimes allow their emotions to overtake good © Jonesreasoning, & Bartlett and when Learning, this happens, LLC it does not provide a good ©foundation Jones &for Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT ethics-relatedFOR SALE decisions. OR DISTRIBUTION Evaluations generated through the practiceNOT ofFOR ethics SALE OR DISTRIBUTION require a balance of emotion and reason. Throughout history, people, based on their culture, have engaged in actions that they believed were justifiable only to have the light of reason later show otherwise. Following a charismatic, but ego- centric, leader, such as Adolph Hitler, is an example of such a practice. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC As contrasted with ethics, morals are specific beliefs, behaviors, and ways of NOT FOR SALE ORbeing DISTRIBUTION derived from doing ethics. One’s moralsNOT are judgedFOR SALEto be good OR or DISTRIBUTION bad © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22183_CH01_Pass3.qxd 11/11/11 11:19 AM Page 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction to Ethics 5 through ©systematic Jones ethical & Bartlett analysis. Learning, The reverse of LLC morality is immorality, which© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC means thatNOT a person’s FOR behaviorSALE isOR in opposition DISTRIBUTION to accepted societal, religious, cul-NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tural, or professional ethical standards and principles; examples of immorality include dishonesty, fraud, murder, and sexually abusive acts. Amoral is a term used to refer to actions that can normally be judged as moral or immoral, but are done © Joneswith & a Bartlett lack of concern Learning, for good LLCbehavior. For example, murder© is Jonesimmoral, & but Bartlett if Learning, LLC a person commits murder with absolutely no sense of remorse or maybe even a NOT FORsense SALE of pleasure, OR the DISTRIBUTION person is acting in an amoral way. Acts areNOT considered FOR toSALE be OR DISTRIBUTION nonmoral if moral standards essentially do not apply to the acts; for example, choosing between cereal and toast and jam for breakfast is a nonmoral decision. When people consider matters of ethics, they usually are considering matters © Jones & Bartlett Learning,about freedom LLC in regard to personal choices,© one’s Jones obligations & Bartlett to other Learning, sentient LLC NOT FOR SALE ORbeings, DISTRIBUTION or judgments about human character.NOT The FOR term SALE unethical ORis DISTRIBUTIONused to describe ethics in its negative form when, for instance, a person’s character or behavior is contrary to admirable traits or the code of conduct that has been endorsed by one’s society, community, or profession. Because the word ethics is used when one may actually be referring to a situation of morals, the process- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC related or doing conception of ethics is sometimes overlooked today. People often use the wordNOT ethics FORwhen SALE referring OR to DISTRIBUTION a collection of actual beliefs and behaviors,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION thereby using the terms ethics and morals interchangeably. In this book, some effort has been made to distinguish the words ethics and morals based on their lit- eral meanings; however, because of common uses, the terms have generally been © Jonesused & interchangeably.Bartlett Learning, LLC ©