For Official Use Only CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD September 2013 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH (AAP-2012-13) BY A.B. KAWADE SCIENTIST-C SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, GSI Post, Bandlaguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD-121001 Hyderabad-500068 HARYANA, INDIA Andhra Pradesh Tel: 24225201 TEL: 0129-2418518 Gram: Antarjal Gram: Bhumijal GROUND WATER BROCHURE KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CONTENTS DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 RAINFALL 3.0 GEOLOGY 4.0 HYDROGEOLOGY 5.0 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL 6.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 7.0 GROUND WATER QUALITY 8.0 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT 9.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1. GENERAL Location North Latitude 140 35' 35" - 160 09' 36" East Longitude 750 58' 42" - 780 56' 06" Geographical area 17600 sq.km Headquarters Kurnool No. of revenue mandals 54 No. of revenue villages 926 Population (2011) Urban 11,43,724 Rural 29,02,877 Total 40,46,601 Population density 229 per sq.km Major rivers Krishna, Tungabhadra,Vedavati, Middle Pennar Soils Red earths and black cotton Agroclimatic zone Scarce rainfall zone 2. RAINFALL Normal annual rainfall Total 665 mm Annual Rainfall during 2012 615 mm 3. LAND USE (2012) (Area in ha.) Forest 3,40,669 Barren and uncultivated 1,27,313 Cultivable waste 48,260 Current fallows 1,55,935 Net area sown 8,75,431 4. IRRIGATION (2012) (Area in ha .) Source of irrigation Canals 1,30156 Tanks 8,264 Dug wells 26,400 Bore / Tube wells 86,379 Others 13,239 Net area irrigated 2,64,438 Gross area irrigated 2,98,842 Major irrigation projects 4 Tungabhadra low level canal Tungabhadra high level canal K.C. canal, Gajula dinne Telugu Ganga Project 5. GEOLOGY Major rock types Shales, limestones Granite gneisses quartzites 6. GROUND WATER Exploration by CGWB No. of wells drilled : 33 Major aquifer zones : 9.5 to 102 m Depth to water level Pre-monsoon (min-max) : 2.20 to 12.67 m bgl Post monsoon (min-max) : 0.47 to 22.0 m bgl Aquifer parametres Transmissivity (sq.m/day) Hard rock : 2.4 sq.m/d to 120.12 sq.m/d Storage Co-efficient Hard rock : 2.36 x 10 -2 to 1x10-6 Monitoring No. of observation wells Dug wells 23 Piezometers Manual 19 Range of water levels (May 2011) Minimum (m below ground level): 0.85 Maximum ( m bgl) : 27.4 General range ( m bgl) : 5 to 12 7. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (HAM) Net annual ground water availability 120856 Net annual draft 41185 Balance resource 70873 Stage of ground water development 34% 8. GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT CATEGORY No. of mandals categorised as Safe (<70 % of net available resource) 52 Semi Critical (70 - 90 %) 0 Critical (90 - 100 %) 0 Over exploited (> 100 %) 0 9. CHEMICAL QUALITY Electrical Conductivity (micro Siemens / cm at 25 deg. C) 565-4343 Chloride (mg/l) 32-780 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.23-2.27 Nitrate (mg/l) 2.0-531 GROUND WATER BROCHURE KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH 1.0 INTRODUCTION Kurnool district is the third largest district in Andhra Pradesh situated between North latitudes 14°35′35″:16°09′36″ and East longitudes 75°58′42″:78°56′06″. It is bounded by Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers and Mahabubnagar district in the north and Prakasam district in the East, Bellary district of Karnataka State in the west and Anantapur and Kadapa districts in the South. The total geographical area of the district is 17600 sq.km with headquarters at Kurnool and divided into 54 revenue mandals (Fig.1). Major crops grown in the district are paddy, jowar, bajra, cotton, sunflower, groundnut and chillies. The population density, which was 66 persons per sq.km during 1901, has increased to 200 persons as per 2001census and 229 persons sq.km as per 2011 census. Failure of monsoon leads to depletion of ground water levels and reduction in well yields, which ultimately resulted crop failure. The Krishna river enters the district at Kudali Sangam. The river Thungabhadra forms boundary between Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and Raichur district of Karnataka. Hundri river joins Tungabhadra river at Kurnool town and the Thungabhadra river joins at Kudali Sangam about 29 km from Kurnool. The district is divided into 80 minor basins. Surface water irrigation is from Tungabhadra project-low level canal and high level canal, KC canal, Telugu Ganga project and Gazuladinne project. 1.1 Irrigation As per 2011-2012, the canal irrigation accounts for 1,30,156 ha., tank irrigation accounts for 8,264 ha whereas an area of 1,20,053 ha is irrigated by ground water. Out of gross irrigated area of 2,98,842 ha, about 1,38,420ha (47%) is being irrigated by surface water and the remaining area of 1,12,779ha (38%) by ground water and remaining from other sources. There are 26,000 dug wells and 86,379 bore wells in the district. The main crops raised are paddy, groundnut, jowar, cotton, bajra, tobacco and sugarcane. The source wise area irrigated is given in Table-1. Table-1 Source-wise area irrigated (in ha) Sl. Year No Source of Irrigation 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2011- 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 1 Canals 88000 N/A N/A 112170 118552 130156 2 Tanks 17000 N/A N/A 11920 14465 8264 3 Tube wells/Filter wells 80000 N/A N/A 81593 89259 86379 4 Other wells 34000 N/A N/A 35248 31194 26400 5 Other sources 12000 N/A N/A 932 1196 13239 6 Net area irrigated 189941 175707 206447 207788 209022 264438 7 Area irrigated more than 41301 36891 47350 45561 62612 34404 once 8 Gross area irrigated 231242 212598 253797 253349 271634 298842 2.0 RAINFALL The average annual rainfall of the district is 665.5mm, which ranges from nil rainfall in January and December to 139.6 mm in September. August and September are the wettest months. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 459.1mm in southwest monsoon (June- September), 133.7mm in northeast monsoon ( Oct-Dec), 1.9 mm rainfall in Winter (Jan- Feb) and 70.8 mm in summer (March–May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season- wise, is 69% in southwest monsoon, 20.1 % in northeast monsoon, 0.3 percentage in winter and 10.6 % in summer. The annual and seasonal rainfall distribution with its departure from mean along with percentage distribution is given in Table-2. The monthly rainfall distribution is presented in the Fig.2. The annual rainfall ranges from 482 mm in 2011 to 1082.2 mm in 2007. The annual rainfall departure ranges from -28 % in 2011 to 62% in 2007. The southwest monsoon rainfall contributes about 69 % of annual rainfall. It ranges from 338.5 mm in 2002 to 939.5 mm in 2007. The year 1999 and 2011 experienced drought conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded in these two years is 27 % and 28% less than the long period average (LPA) respectively. The cumulative departure of annual rainfall from LPA is presented in Fig.3. It indicates that, the rainfall departure as on 2011 is positive i.e. 81%, showing rainfall excess. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 615 mm. Table-2 Annual and seasonal rainfall with departure from mean with percentage distribution mer - Dep From LPA(%) Sl No Year Annual SW NE WINTE R Sum SW (%) NE (%) Winter (%) Summer (%) 0.41 1 1999 483.0 366.0 47.0 2.0 68.0 75.78% 9.73% % 14.08% -27% 120. 1.52 2 2000 922.0 731.0 0 14.0 57.0 79.28% 13.02% % 6.18% 38% 283. 0.42 3 2001 718.2 384.0 2 3.0 48.0 53.47% 39.43% % 6.68% 8% 139. 0.90 4 2002 558.5 338.5 0 5.0 76.0 60.61% 24.89% % 13.61% -16% 117. 0.00 5 2003 570.9 425.7 2 0.0 28.0 74.57% 20.53% % 4.90% -14% 101. 0.76 6 2004 643.5 386.8 4 4.9 150.4 60.11% 15.76% % 23.37% -3% 278. 0.75 7 2005 838.2 479.4 3 6.3 74.2 57.19% 33.20% % 8.85% 26% 0.00 8 2006 600.8 411.5 84.4 0.0 104.9 68.49% 14.05% % 17.46% -10% 0.28 9 2007 1082.2 939.5 74.8 3.0 64.9 86.81% 6.91% % 6.00% 62% 152. 1.81 10 2008 708.6 409.2 5 12.8 134.1 57.75% 21.52% % 18.92% 6% 258. 0.01 11 2009 767.9 429.1 4 0.1 80.3 55.88% 33.65% % 10.46% 15% 140. 0.50 12 2010 823.2 618.7 2 4.1 60.2 75.16% 17.03% % 7.31% 24% 0.77 13 2011 482.1 356.2 76.0 3.7 46.2 73.89% 15.76% % 9.58% -28% 133. 0.29 665.5 459.1 7 1.9 70.8 68.99% 20.09% % 10.64% Fig.2 Monthly rainfall distribution – Kurnool district Fig.3 Cumulative departure of annual rainfall from LPA – Kurnool District 3.0 GEOLOGY The district is underlain by different geological formations ranging in age from Archaean to recent. The major part of the district in west is occupied by granite gneisses, while the eastern part is underlain by quartzites, shales and limestones of cuddapah and kurnool group.