Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC) G-REALM (Global Reservoirs and Lakes Monitoring) Time Series Data Set - Water Height (MEaSUREs Project) November 8, 2019 User’s Handbook Version 2.0 Land Surface Hydrology Research Group University of California Los Angeles, Department of Geography Dennis P. Lettenmaier ([email protected]) Nina Noudjina ([email protected]) Riccardo Tortini ([email protected]) Samantha Yeo ([email protected]) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Methodology 3 2.1 Lake Locations 3 2.2 Data Extraction from Altimetry 3 2.3 Ice Cover Assessment 3 3. Data Packaging and Variable Identification 4 3.1 Sample Surface Area Data (NetCDF format) 4 3.2 Variables 4 3.3 Dimensions 4 3.4 Global Attributes 4 4. References 8 Appendix I: Coverage 9 Africa 9 Asia 10 Europe 14 North America 15 South America 19 Oceania and Pacific 21 Appendix II: Notes and Errors Documentation 21 Appendix III: Acronyms 22 1. Introduction The purpose of the G-REALM (Global Reservoirs and Lakes Monitoring) Time Series Data Set dataset is to provide surface water height measurements for several hundred lakes and reservoirs across the globe. These time series potentially span a 25 year time period, from late 1992 to 2018, satisfying the project goal of long-term trend analysis and global water dynamics models. This dataset primarily uses G- REALM10, which merges T/P, Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 time series of relative water surface elevation (WSE) variations with respect to a given Jason-2 reference cycle at 10-day intervals (Birkett, 1995; Birkett and Beckley, 2010; Birkett et al., 2011). Whenever 10-day measurements are not available G-REALM35 is created using the ENVISAT time series of relative water level variations, for which the mean level of ENVISAT retrievals at 35-day intervals is the reference. A more detailed description of the methods used can be found in Birkett (1995), Birkett and Beckley (2010), and Birkett et al. (2011), whereas Ricko et al. (2012) performed both absolute and relative validations between all the available product types. 2. Methodology 2.1 Lake Locations We defined the initial spatial extents of water bodies using the vector polygons available as part of the Global Reservoir and Dam database (GRanD; Lehner et al., 2011) and Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD; Lehner and Döll, 2004), with quality checks ensured by visual comparison with high resolution satellite imagery (i.e., Google Earth, ESRI World Map) and Global Surface Water Explorer (Pekel et al., 2016). Whenever we identified a mismatch (i.e., polygon spatial extent not overlapping properly with the satellite imagery due to inaccurate georeferencing), the polygon was edited to match the expected location. In case a lake was not available as part of either database, a polygon was drawn by hand using high resolution imagery from various sources (e.g., Google Earth, ESRI World Map). Once correctly identified, these locations were used to construct a mask for altimetry data extraction. 2.2 Data Extraction from Altimetry ΔV monitoring of inland water bodies at the global scale has proved a challenging task (cfr. Gao, 2015; Crétaux et al., 2016), and the use of a single WSE data source significantly limits the creation of global ΔV data set. For these reasons, we used G-REALM10 as our primary elevation source for the creation of our global ΔV data set, and supplemented it with DAHITI (Schwatke et al., 2015), LEGOS’s HydroWeb data (Crétaux et al., 2011), and G-REALM35 (in this order) whenever G-REALM10 was not available for a specific target. As a result of the altimeter data being a combination of G-REALM, LEGOS’s HydroWeb data, and DAHITI, calculating a nominal temporal resolution was a challenge and therefore is dependent upon which data source was used. 2.3 Ice Cover Assessment WSE accuracy is highly affected by the presence of ice, and for practical purposes, reliable ΔV estimates can only be produced for ice free conditions. We assessed ice-on conditions (i.e., presence of snow- covered ice on the surface of a water body) using the MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Daily Global product (Collection 5 MOD10A1). For each elevation record, we estimated lake ice phenology (i.e., ice-on and ice-off dates, defined as the beginning and end of the freezing period) as the proportion of frozen pixels identified in the NDSI-based 500 m spatial resolution “Snow_Cover_Daily_Tile” band (Hall et al., 2007), and we determined a threshold for each water body as half of the maximum surface area. This algorithm uses the basic assumption that a water body, when deep and clear, absorbs the solar radiation incident upon it in almost its entirety. Whenever ice was identified, we created a flag that is provided as part of the ΔV records. Water bodies with high turbidity, algal blooms, or other conditions of relatively high reflectance from the water (e.g., salt crust) may be erroneously detected as snow/ice covered; in these cases the ice flag is manually removed from data. Data gaps within the freezing period were classified as ice-on for continuity purposes. Additionally, observations during polar darkness were excluded for lack of complete data and assumed ice-on. 3. Data Packaging and Variable Identification 3.1 Sample Surface Area Data (NetCDF format) Format: netcdf4 Title = '[continent]_[name]_HeightV2_[id].nc' Example: 'South_America_AguaVermelha_WaterAreaV2_448.nc' 3.2 Variables variable dimension datatype units long_name surface_water_height time double m surface_water_height_time_series altimeter_source time double 1 altimeter_source_flag ice_flag time double 1 ice_flag outlier_flag time double 1 outlier_flag 3.3 Dimensions dimension axis datatype units long_name time T double days since time 1900-01- 01T00:00:00 3.4 Global Attributes attribute comment example title Title for the data in the file Global Lake/Reservoir Surface Water Height Time Series Data for Lake Agua Vermelha summary Summary or abstract for The Global Lake/Reservoir Surface Water Height Time Series is the data in the file derived from the G-REALM10 lake level product. http://dahiti.dgfi.tum.de/en/. The purpose of this dataset is to provide surface water dynamics for several hundred lakes and reservoirs across the globe. These time series potentially span a 26 year time period, from late 1992 to 2018, satisfying the project goal of ESDR creation with a suitable level of quality that supports long-term trend analysis and global water dynamics models. Water level variation is also a key component required for the determination of surface water storages and fluxes. This product is readily accessible and is of direct use to both water managers and the scientific community worldwide, and allows for improved assessment and modeling of the human impact on the global water cycle keywords A comma separated list of TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, SURFACE WATER keywords PROCESSES/MEASUREMENTS, LAKES/RESERVOIRS, ALTIMETERS, POSEIDON-2, POSEIDON-3, POSEIDON-3b, Jason- class Altimeter, ALT (TOPEX), MEaSUREs conventions A comma separated list of CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3, ISO 8601 conventions doi Digital object identifier 10.5067/UCLRS-GREV2 uuid Unique identifier for data eee37a41-bc1a-4f36-a741-ddc7931e68ad set history An audit trail for Continuing efforts have been made to improve the quality of modifications to the lake/reservoir height estimations from previous versions original data including: identification of which of the lakes/reservoirs undergo winter freezing, identification of data outliers, modeled data, and altimetry source, and focus on extending the 10-day resolution products source The method of production MEaSUREs UCLA toolbox 2018 of the original data processing_level Description of the L2 processing or quality control level of the data comment Useful additional Reservoir and lake water elevations were estimated using information satellite altimeter-based data. TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-2 were generally preferential to Jason-1 and Jason-3, however the data was assessed on a case-by-case basis based on the quality of available data standard_name_vocabulary CF standard name CF Standard Name Table v27 vocabulary product_version Version identifier of the Version 2.0 data file or product as assigned by the data creator. date_created Creation date of this 2019-01-11T01:52:00 AM version of the data (netCDF) creator_name Name of the person (or MEaSUREs Team (Lettenmaier D., Noujdina N., Tortini R., Yeo creator type) principally S.) responsible for creating this data creator_email Email address of the person [email protected] (Lettenmaier D.), [email protected] (or creator type) (Noujdina N.), [email protected] (Tortini R.), [email protected] principally responsible for (Yeo S.) creating this data creator_type Specifies type of creator Group institution Name of the institution University of California Los Angeles, Department of Geography primarily responsible for originating this data creator_institution The institution of the Land Surface Hydrology Research Group, UCLA creator creator_url The URL of the of the entity http://hydro.ucla.edu/ principally responsible for creating this data. project MEaSUREs (Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments) program The overarching program(s) NASA Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS) of which the dataset is a part. publisher_name The name of the entity PO.DAAC (Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive responsible for publishing Center) the data file or product to users. publisher_email The email address of the [email protected]