Ministry of the Environment STUDY REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN March 2004 OVERSEAS ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION CENTER, JAPAN Study on Comprehensive Support Strategy for Environment and Development in the Early 21st Century CONTENTS 1. Background and Objectives.......................................................................... 1 2. Outline of the Survey ..................................................................................... 3 3. Present Situation of Environmental Problems............................................ 5 3.1 Natural Environment....................................................................................................5 (1) Deforestation, Desertification and Land Degradation ...........................................6 (2) Biodiversity and Ecosystem ......................................................................................9 3.2 Urban Environment ....................................................................................................10 (1) Water Pollution ........................................................................................................12 (2) Air Pollution .............................................................................................................17 (3) Other Types of Pollution .........................................................................................21 (4) Solid Waste ...............................................................................................................23 (5) Treatment of Urban Waste Water .........................................................................38 4. Response to Problems Regarding Environment and Development........ 42 4.1 Natural Environment..................................................................................................42 (1) Deforestation and Desertification...........................................................................42 (2) Biodiversity and Conservation of Ecosystem ........................................................42 4.2 Urban Environment ....................................................................................................43 (1) Air Pollution .............................................................................................................43 (2) Water Quality ...........................................................................................................44 (3) Solid Waste Management........................................................................................44 4.3 Social Environment .....................................................................................................45 5. Examination of Assistance Strategy........................................................... 47 5.1 Need for Assistance......................................................................................................47 (1) Necessity for Assistance for Environment and Development ..............................47 (2) Activities of International Organizations ..............................................................49 5.2 Assistance Policies........................................................................................................50 (1) Country Assistance Programme and Environmental Assistance........................50 (2) Examination of Possible Assistance Policies for the Environment Sector..........52 Attachment: Urban Environmental Problems in Pakistan - Case Study for Urban Environment in Hayatabad, Pashawar - i ABBREVIATION ADB Asian Development Bank AJK Azad-Jammu Kashmir BAP Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CD&MD City Development and Municipal Department CDA Capital Development Authority CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CNG Compressed Natural Gas COD Chemical Oxygen Demand EcoISD Environmental Conservation Initiative for Sustainable Development EDCG Environmental Donors Coordination Group EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENERCON National Energy Conservation Centre, MELGRD EU European Union FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Area FSMP Forestry Sector Master Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GNP Gross National Product GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KPT Karachi Port Trust LG&RD Local Government and Rural Development Department LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MELGRD Ministry of Environment, Local Government & Rural Development MMA Muttahidah Masjlis-Amal MST Ministry of Science and Technology MPCD Marine Pollution Controll Department NCS National Conservation Strategy NCS-MTR Mid Term Review, National Conservation Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEAP-SP Support Programme, National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non Governmental Organization NLUP National Land Use Plan NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NQS National Environmental Quality Standard NSDP National Sustainable Development Programme NWFP North West Frontier Province NWFP-EPA NWFP Provincial Environmental Protection Agency ii Study on Comprehensive Support Strategy for Environment and Development in the Early 21st Century Pak-EPA Pakistan Federal Environmental Protection Agency PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, MST PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council PEPF Pakistan Environmental Protection Fund (NGO) PEPO Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance PFI Pakistan Forest Institute PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility PSDF Provincial Sustainable Development Fund PTA Pakistan Tanners Association RCB Rawalpindhi Cantonment Board RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy Rs. Rupees SAF Social Action Fund SAP Social Action Programme SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SMART Self-Monitoring and Reporting Tool SPM Suspended particulate matter TMA Tehsil Municipal Authority TSS Total Suspended Solids UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF UN International Children's Emergency Fund UNIDO United Nation Industrial Development Organization VETS Vehicle Emission Testing Station WHO World Health Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund iii Study on Comprehensive Support Strategy for Environment and Development in the Early 21st Century 1. Background and Objectives The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as “Pakistan”) is now facing a situation of a seriously worsening urban environmental pollution nationwide, including air pollution, water pollution and deteriorating waste management, primarily caused by progressive population concentration in urban areas against the background of a fairly high annual population growth rate of approximately 3%. Meanwhile, the insufficient capacity of the administration to deal with these problems is pointed out as a consequence of sluggish revenues and political confusion in the 1990’s which followed the high growth period of the 1980’s due to industrialisation. In rural areas, wide-ranging problems relating to the natural environment have been emerging. These include soil degradation, destruction of the ecosystem, desertification, forest depletion and a decline of biodiversity. Behind the aggravation of environmental problems in Pakistan, there appears to be special circumstances, such as the formation of slums (katchi abadis) due to the population inflow to urban areas and the emergence of new social and economic problems resulting from the intermittent arrival of refugees from Afghanistan over a quarter of a century. The environmental administration in Pakistan essentially started with the formulation of the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1992. The 1990’s can be described as a decade dedicated to paperwork of which typical examples are the introduction of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) in 1993 and the enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997. This century, however, is seeing efforts to materialise concrete measures to proceed with the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) formulated in 2001. The Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center (OECC) has been entrusted by Ministry of the Environment (formerly the Environment Agency) in the past to conduct the following studies on environmental issues in Pakistan. · FY 1995: Study to Promote the Planning of Environmental Conservation in a Developing Countries (March, 1996) · FY 2000: Study to Assist the Formulation of Environmental Conservation Plan in a Developing Countries (March, 2001) The FY 1995 study was conducted to gather information on the general situation of environmental problems and environmental policies while the FY 2000 study was mainly conducted to examine the current situation of toxic industrial waste in Karachi which is the largest industrial city in Pakistan. The current institutions concerning environmental administration were also introduced in the study. 1 The friendly diplomatic relationship has been kept between Japan and Pakistan for more than 50 years. Despite the suspension of Japanese assistance to Pakistan due to the nuclear testing in 1998, the Government of Japan recommenced its ODA for Pakistan in 2001 as