MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS 2020, 28(3):2020, 154–169 28(3) MORAVIAN MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS Fig. 3. Members of the International Advisory Board of the Fig. 4. The Löw-Beer Villa in Brno, a place of the award MGR journal in front of the Institute of Geonics ceremony The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics journal homepage: http://www.geonika.cz/mgr.html Fig. 5. Professor Eva Zažímalová, president of the Czech Fig. 6. Professor Bryn Greer-Wootten has his speech during Academy of Sciences, presents Professor Bryn Greer-Wootten the award ceremony doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0012 with the honorary medal Illustrations related to the paper by R. Blaheta et al. (photo: T. Krejčí, E. Nováková (2×), Z. Říha) Transformation of the identity of a region: Theory and the empirical case of the perceptual regions of Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic Petr MAREK a * Abstract By using the concept of perceptual region – an essential part of the identity of a region and a part of every person’s mental map – this paper demonstrates a way to examine the understudied transformation of (the identity of) a region and, specifically, its territorial shape (boundaries). This concept effectively fuses the “institutionalisation of regions” theory and the methodologies of behavioural geography. This case study of the perceptual regions of Bohemia and Moravia shows how and why these historical regions and their boundary/boundaries developed, after a significant deinstitutionalisation by splitting into smaller regions in an administrative reform. Many people now perceive the Bohemian-Moravian boundary according to the newly-emerged regional boundaries, which often ignore old (historical) boundaries. Thus, the territorial shape of Bohemia and Moravia is transformed, with the Vysočina Region emerging as one of the new regions to witness the most eroded consciousness concerning these historical regions and their boundaries. The impact of administrative reforms on the perception and thus also the transformation of regions and boundaries is obvious, but the results also suggest that the more radical the administrative changes (in terms of toponyms and boundary mismatches), the fuzzier the collective perceptions of historical boundaries become, as well as peoples’ consciousness of historical regions. Keywords: perceptual region; transformation of the identity of a region; administrative reform; mental maps; Bohemian-Moravian boundary; Czech Republic Article history: Received 29 April 2020, Accepted 20 July 2020, Published 30 September 2020 1. Introduction Although the need for theorising regions has already The Czech Lands have been important territorial units become a “mantra” (Van Langenhove, 2013, p. 476) within since the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, with an administrative new regional geography, Paasi (2011b, p. 11) notes that reform in 1948, they were abolished de jure and split into “[r]elatively little attention has been paid to such major smaller regions. In comparison to some other then-socialist questions as what is a region [and] how it ‘becomes’”. It is countries where similar reforms took place, the historical necessary to examine regions as social constructs (Paasi, 2010) regions in the Czech Republic were not restored after the and dynamic processes (Paasi and Metzger, 2017), because fall of the totalitarian regime. Yet, Bohemia, Moravia, and it can develop not only knowledge of the concept of region (Czech) Silesia have remained part of the everydayness of but also the concepts of regional identity of people and the country until today. Their delimitation is problematic, regionalism (Marek, 2020a). “Understanding the region then nonetheless. People perceive historical land boundaries is a means to understanding society itself” (Tomaney, 2009, very differently – a transformation of their territorial p. 140), and uncovering the nature of regions as social shape has occurred. Some authors (Marek, 2015; Siwek constructs and dynamic processes can be seen as a “major and Kaňok, 2000a, 2000b; Vaishar and Zapletalová, 2016) goal of geography” (Johnston and Sidaway, 2016, p. 216). attribute these effects to the administrative reforms This article draws on the institutionalisation of regions after 1948. But is the extent of the transformation the same theory of Anssi Paasi (1986a) and deals mainly with one of along the length of the historical land boundaries? Or does it Paasi’s dimensions of regional identity – subjective images somehow differ? And if so, how and why? of a region. These can be identified with perceptual regions, a Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Brno, Czech Republic (*corresponding author: P. Marek, e-mail: [email protected]) 154 2020, 28(3):28(3) 154–169 MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS implying the existence of a region (Marek, 2020b), which to the “real world” (de Blij et al., 2010; Fouberg and allows us to also use them in researching the region’s Moseley, 2015; Kasala and Šifta, 2017; Paasi, 1986a, 1986b, subsequent development – for example, its transformation 1991, 2009b, 2010; Roth, 2007). According to critical realist (Marek, 2020a). In this paper, the perceptual regions of philosophy, regions as constructs are always based on Bohemia and Moravia lingering in the minds of Bohemian- “materials – not only physical materials in this case, like Moravian borderland inhabitants, are used to study the concrete, but ideational materials like people’s beliefs and transformation of (the identity of) a region. habits” (Sayer, 2006, p. 99). Thus, the significant role of The main aim is to contribute to the discussion of the region communication between people and the perception associated as a social construct and a dynamic process, and it encompasses with such interchanges, is evident. two secondary goals: (1) to demonstrate the usability of 2.2 Region as a dynamic process perceptual regions in researching the transformation of (the identity of) a region and, specifically, its territorial shape Seeing regions as spatial structures (Giddens, 1984) and (boundaries); and (2) to explore the nature of the perception as historically contingent dynamic processes (Pred, 1984), and transformation of historical regions/boundaries in areas were other important developments in establishing the with a diverse history of administrative regions/boundaries. new regional geography (Gilbert, 1988). Particularly due to The above questions will be examined using the example of Pred’s incorporation of time, the region is no longer seen the Bohemian-Moravian boundary. as static but as “constantly becoming” (Pred, 1984, p. 279). Paasi (1986a, 1986b, 1991, 2001, 2002a, 2009b, 2011b) Zimmerbauer et al. (2017) stressed the necessity for research developed these ideas in his institutionalisation of regions into an insufficiently-studied region’s deinstitutionalisation theory, where he outlined four stages in the process of and one of its forms based on administrative reforms – regional formation: the emergence of (I) territorial shape regional amalgamation (Zimmerbauer and Paasi, 2013). (boundaries), (II) symbols, (III) institutions, and (IV) regional This article, by focusing on an “Eastern-Bloc case”, suggests identity. The fourth stage permeates all three previous studying a second deinstitutionalisation form – regional stages (Paasi, 1986a, 1986b, 1991); thus, regional identity splitting – which can contribute to the development of emerges because of boundaries, symbols, and institutions. scientific knowledge as well. These are also three key features of every region, consisting of various characteristics of the region, its inhabitants, and 2. Theoretical and methodological background so on (Marek, 2020b). 2.1 Region as a social construct Although Paasi’s theory focuses mainly on the emergence of regions, the subsequent development of a region (or an As Cresswell (2013, p. 71) puts it: “Central to new regional identity of region: see below) is also designed: “region […], geographies was the belief that regions are social constructs.” once established, is continually reproduced and gradually Among geographers, this belief is increasingly apparent transformed in individual and institutional practices” (Paasi, 2002a, 2010, 2011b; Paasi and Metzger, 2017) and (Paasi, 1986a, p. 110), “that is in the spheres of economics, some authors state that regions “are not ‘out there’ waiting politics, legislation, administration, culture, etc.” to be discovered; they are our (and others’) constructions” (Paasi, 1991, p. 244). Paasi (1986a, 1991, 2001, 2010) also (e.g. Allen et al., 1998, p. 2). mentions that a region may disappear or deinstitutionalise. The majority of works on the new regional geography, Raagmaa (2002, pp. 58–60) outlines two main variations in however, lack the theme of the existence of region as a social a region’s subsequent development: (I) continuous renewal construct. Based on the theory of the social construction and (II) disappearance. The former contains, among other of reality (Berger and Luckmann, 1971), it can be argued elements, a process of re-institutionalisation, which can be that if we know about some social fact – that is, we have seen, however, as part of an ongoing institutionalisation knowledge or consciousness about it – this fact is real, process during which new institutions of the region concerned existing (Marek, 2020b). As the region is also a social fact emerge (Marek, 2020a). To Raagmaa (2002), the region can (Paasi, 2002a, 2002b, 2009a), we