Socioecology of Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): Mating and Title Feeding Tactics in a Primate with Extremely Large Group( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Hongo, Shun Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2016-11-24 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k20048 学位規則第9条第2項により要約公開; 許諾条件により本文 Right は2018-05-01に公開 Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University Socioecology of Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): Mating and Feeding Tactics in a Primate with Extremely Large Group Shun Hongo Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................VII ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ VIII CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 1.1. DIVERSITY OF PRIMATE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ...................................................... 1 1.2. MANDRILL: A PRIMATE OF SOCIAL EXTREME ........................................................... 2 1.3. RESEARCH AIMS ...................................................................................................... 4 1.4. STUDY AREA AND STUDY PERIOD ............................................................................ 6 1.5. DEFINITION OF THE GROUP ...................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER II SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MANDRILLS: MULTILEVEL OR NON-NESTED SOCIETY? ..................................................................................... 9 2.1. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................10 2.3. METHODS ...............................................................................................................13 2.4. RESULTS .................................................................................................................15 2.5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................19 CHAPTER III FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY AND MALE INFLUXES IN WILD MANDRILLS (MANDRILLUS SPHINX) ..............................23 3.1. ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................23 3.2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................24 3.3. METHODS ...............................................................................................................27 3.4. RESULTS .................................................................................................................34 ii 3.5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................38 3.6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES ...........................................................................44 CHAPTER IV SEASONAL CHANGE IN DIET AND HABITAT USE IN WILD MANDRILLS (MANDRILLUS SPHINX) ....................................................................47 4.1. ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................47 4.2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................48 4.3. METHODS ...............................................................................................................51 4.4. RESULTS .................................................................................................................57 4.5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................61 4.6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES ...........................................................................65 CHAPTER V GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................................................67 5.1. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................67 5.2. FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE-BIASED SOCIONOMIC SEX RATIO .............................68 5.3. POTENTIAL CORRELATES OF EXTREMELY LARGE GROUP SIZE ................................70 5.4. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ...........................................................................................73 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................76 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My study would have been impossible without the support of many collaborators in Gabon: Etienne François Akomo-Okoue and Fred Loïque Mindonga-Nguelet collaborated with me for our camera-trapping and fruit phenology surveys, which were essential for my study, and co-authored articles; Alfred Ngomanda and researchers at the Institute de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, including Pierre Philippe Mbehang-Nguema, Chimène Nze-Nkogue, Patrice Makouloutou, Ghislain Wilfried Ebang-Ella and Lilian Brice Mangama-Koumba, gave me constructive advice; Katharine Abernethy and Kathryn Jeffery gave me significant information about their research at the Lopé National Park, Gabon; Delphine Verrier, Céline Bret, and staff at the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) taught me how to recognize mandrill age–sex classes; the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CENAREST) and the Agence National des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) permitted to conduct the studies; field assistants at Moukalaba-Doudou, including Sylvain Koumba, Steven Biviga, Victor Nzamba, Dibwabwa Moussoungou, Gildas Boussougou, Urlich Maroga, Jet Nzamba, Landry Moussavou and Daïs Koumba, sweated a lot together with me and taught me how to walk in the forest; and villagers in Doussala, Mboungou and Konzi welcomed me with kindness and hospitality. Similarly, no work of mine would have been possible to accomplish without help of Japanese collaborators: Juichi Yamagiwa supervised me for six years and, most importantly, did not stop me from entering on this dangerous but attractive road of mandrill research; Naofumi Nakagawa supervised me and always encouraged me with tough criticism; Eiji Inoue taught me how to think logically; Yuji Takenoshita introduced Moukalaba-Doudou to me and taught me how to work in Gabon; Yoshihiro Nakashima collaborated with me for the camera-trap and fruit phenology surveys, helped me in statistical analyses, and co-authored articles; Chieko Ando helped me so many times that I cannot count them all; research team in Projet de Conservation de la Biodiversité en Forêt Tropicale à travers la Coexistence Durable entre l’Homme et l’Animal (PROCOBHA), including Shiho Fujita, Naoki Matsuura, Yuji Iwata, Kazunari Ushida, Sayaka Tsuchida, iv Keiko Tsubokawa, Takakazu Yumoto, Mari Terakawa, Saeko Terada, Shigeru Suzuki, Naobi Okayasu, Nobuyuki Sekino, Miho Inoue-Murayama, Naoko Hiramatsu, Reiko Yagi, Taku Ichiyama, and Shinsaku Fukazawa, helped me both in the field and in Japan; Masayuki Tanaka and staff at Kyoto City Zoo gave me opportunities to observe their mandrills; Hiroshi Himori, Hikari Ishijima, Aya Kokubu, and Takahiro Yamagishi assisted me in video analysis; Michio Nakamura and Hiroshi Ihobe gave constructive comments to this dissertation; and colleagues in the Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies dedicated so much of their time and efforts to discuss my research. I also thank Joanna Setchell and Alan Dixson for advising me online. Finally, I express my deepest gratitude to my family, particularly to my parents, Akira Hongo, Sayuri Hongo, and to my wife, Saori Hongo, for their enduring encouragement to me. The study complied with Code of Best Practices for Field Primatology of the International Primatological Society and the laws of the Gabonese Republic and was conducted with approval from CENAREST (permission number AR0031/11) and ANPN (permission numbers 000017, 000022). The study was funded by the JSPS KAKENHI (grant numbers 19107007 for J. Yamagiwa, and 12J01884 for S. Hongo) and Kyoto University Global COE Program, Formation of a Strategic Base for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Research (number A06). This study was conducted as part of the project PROCOBHA supported by JST/JICA, SATREPS. v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Age‒sex classes and references on physical and social development of mandrills ........................................................................................................ 95 Table 2.2. Age‒sex class compositions of Mandrillus sphinx and other African papionins ............................................................................................................ 96 Table 3.1. Monthly counts of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by age–sex class ............. 97 Table 3.2. Parameter estimates, AIC, and ΔAIC values for models of female reproductive seasonality and numbers of adult and sub-adult male mandrills in groups ............................................................................................. 98 Table 3.3. Numbers of females with sexual swellings and adult males in mandrill groups..................................................................................................