ACTA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS ŠAFARIKIANAE 146 2021 ______________________________________________________________________ Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Basic Concepts of Morphology I. Renáta Panocová Košice 2021 ACTA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS ŠAFARIKIANAE 146 2021 __________________________________________________________________ Basic Concepts of Morphology I. Vysokoškolská učebnica Autorka: doc. Mgr. Renáta Panocová, PhD. Filozofická fakulta Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach Recenzenti: prof. PhDr. Pavel Štekauer, DrSc., Filozofická fakulta Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach prof. Dr. Pius ten Hacken, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Jazyková korektúra: Andrew Billingham Táto učebnica je publikovaná pod licenciou CC BY NC ND - CC Attribution - NonCommercial -No-derivates 4.0 („Uveďte pôvod - Nepoužívajte komerčne - Nespracovávajte“) Za odbornú a jazykovú stránku učebnice zodpovedá autorka. Umiestnenie: www.unibook.upjs.sk Dostupné od: 26.01.2021 ISBN 978-80-8152-959-7 (e-publikácia) TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................... v Preface ............................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 7 THE SCOPE AND PLACE OF MORPHOLOGY .......................................................... 7 1.1 The scope .................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 The place of morphology in European structuralism ................................................. 8 1.3 The place of morphology in American structuralism ................................................. 9 1.4 The place of morphology in generative grammar .................................................... 10 1.5 Morphology in relation to other language levels ...................................................... 11 1.5.1 Morphological level and phonological level ......................................................... 11 1.5.2 Morphological level and lexical level ................................................................... 12 1.5.3 Morphological level and syntactic level ................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................... 14 SIGNS, WORDS AND MORPHEMES ......................................................................... 14 2.1 Signs ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Words ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Morphemes ............................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................... 26 MORPHOLOGICAL MODELS .................................................................................... 26 3.1 Item-and-Arrangement ............................................................................................. 26 3.2 Item-and-Process ...................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Word-and-Paradigm ................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................... 32 INFLECTION AND DERIVATION ............................................................................. 32 4.1 Some prototypical examples ..................................................................................... 32 4.2 The distinction as a challenge ................................................................................... 34 4.3 Criteria for the distinction ........................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................... 42 INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES IN ENGLISH AND IN OTHER LANGUAGES ... 42 5.1 Types of inflection .................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Number ..................................................................................................................... 44 i 5.3 Gender ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.4 Case .......................................................................................................................... 46 5.5 Tense ......................................................................................................................... 48 5.6 Person ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.7 Aspect ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.8 Voice ......................................................................................................................... 50 5.9 Mood ......................................................................................................................... 50 5.10 Overview of inflection in English .......................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................... 53 WORD FORMATION PROCESSES ............................................................................ 53 6.1 Affixation ................................................................................................................. 53 6.2 Compounding ........................................................................................................... 57 6.2.1 Phonological criteria .............................................................................................. 59 6.2.2 Morphosyntactic criteria ........................................................................................ 59 6.2.3 Semantic criteria .................................................................................................... 60 6.2.4 Classifications of compounds ................................................................................ 60 6.3 Conversion ................................................................................................................ 62 6.4 Backformation .......................................................................................................... 63 6.5 Blending ................................................................................................................... 64 6.6 Shortening ................................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................... 66 LEVEL-ORDERING THEORIES OF MORPHOLOGY .............................................. 66 7.1 What is level-ordering .............................................................................................. 66 7.2 Siegel’s model .......................................................................................................... 67 7.3 Allen’ s model .......................................................................................................... 71 7.4 Kiparsky’s model ...................................................................................................... 72 7.5 Problems with level-ordering ................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 8 ................................................................................................................... 76 MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY ............................................................................... 76 8.1 What is morphological typology .............................................................................. 76 8.2 Sapir’s morphological types ..................................................................................... 78 8.3 Skalička’s morphological types ................................................................................ 80 8.4 A comparison of English, Slovak and Hungarian .................................................... 82 8.4.1 Characteristic features of English as an isolating language .................................. 82 ii 8.4.2 Characteristic features of Slovak as an inflectional language ............................... 83 8.4.3 Characteristic features of Hungarian as an agglutinative language ....................... 84 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 87 Index ..............................................................................................................................