The Ramifications of Sharing a Head of State: A Study in the Implications of a Structure Sean Palmer A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2010 School of Law Primary Supervisor: Noel Cox Contents Contents .............................................................................................................. 2 Index of Case Studies .......................................................................................... 5 Index of Appendices ........................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 7 Attestation of Authorship .................................................................................... 8 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 9 Part I – Introduction and Foundation ................................................................ 11 Chapter 1 – Introduction and Foundation ..................................................... 11 Section 1.1 – Introduction and Purpose .................................................... 11 Section 1.2 – Introduction to the Methodology ........................................ 16 Chapter 2 – Theory, Methodology, and Structure......................................... 21 Section 2.1 – New Institutionalism ........................................................... 21 Section 2.2 – Historical Institutionalism – Advantages ............................ 23 Section 2.3 – Historical Institutionalism – Potential Disadvantages ........ 25 Section 2.4 – Further Tools ....................................................................... 30 Section 2.5 – Structure .............................................................................. 33 Chapter 3 – Background................................................................................ 38 Section 3.1 – Introduction to Structural Concepts .................................... 38 Section 3.2 – Defining the term “Head of State” ...................................... 40 Section 3.3 – Queen Elizabeth II .............................................................. 45 Section 3.4 – Consideration of the Governors General ............................ 50 Section 3.5 – A Head of Two Halves ........................................................ 55 Section 3.6 – Unique Opportunities Provided by the Commonwealth Realms ....................................................................................................... 61 Section 3.7 – Conclusion .......................................................................... 64 Part II – Ramifications Internal to Each Realm ................................................ 68 Introduction to Part II .................................................................................... 68 Chapter 4 – Structural Ramifications ............................................................ 70 Section 4.1 – Introduction ......................................................................... 70 Section 4.2 – Governors General as Surrogate Sovereigns ...................... 72 Section 4.3 – The Model of a Modern Governor General ........................ 84 Section 4.4 – Tripartite Executive ............................................................. 93 Section 4.5 – Separate Symbolism – Points of Difference ..................... 100 Section 4.6 – Conclusion ........................................................................ 104 Chapter 5 – Perceptions of the System ....................................................... 115 Section 5.1 – Introduction to perceptions ............................................... 115 Section 5.2 – Popular Perceptions – Overt ............................................. 116 Section 5.3 – Popular Perception – Inconspicuous ................................. 124 2 Section 5.4 – Government Perceptions ................................................... 139 Section 5.5 – Judicial Elites – Pakistani Case Study .............................. 144 Section 5.6 – Judicial Elites – Solomon Islands Case Study .................. 153 Section 5.7 – Conclusion ........................................................................ 161 Part III – Inter-Realm Ramifications............................................................... 164 Introduction to Part III ................................................................................ 164 Chapter 6 – Avoidable Conflicts ................................................................. 166 Section 6.1 – Introduction to Inter-Realm Ramifications ....................... 166 Section 6.2 – Conrad Black Case Study ................................................. 167 Section 6.3 – Conclusion ........................................................................ 172 Chapter 7 – Inherent Conflicts? .................................................................. 175 Section 7.1 – Introduction to Inherent Conflicts ..................................... 175 Section 7.2 – South African Neutrality ................................................... 178 Section 7.3 – The First Indo-Pakistani War ............................................ 186 Section 7.4 – Who – Royal Nationality .................................................. 193 Section 7.5 – When – A Matter of Time ................................................. 206 Section 7.6 – Where – Wandering Monarch ........................................... 217 Section 7.7 – Representation Within Britain .......................................... 221 Section 7.8 – The Other Side of the Coin ............................................... 223 Section 7.9 – Conclusion ........................................................................ 230 Part IV – International Ramifications ............................................................. 245 Introduction to Part IV ................................................................................ 245 Chapter 8 – International Aspects ............................................................... 247 Section 8.1 – Introduction ....................................................................... 247 Section 8.2 – Speaking for Several – Foreign Perceptions of The Queen ...................................................................................................... 248 Section 8.3 – Viceregal Duties Abroad ................................................... 253 Section 8.4 – Viceregal Receptions – An International Role at Home ... 259 Section 8.5 – The Queen Working for the Realms Abroad .................... 263 Section 8.6 – A Principled Solution to Ad Hoc Confusion .................... 271 Section 8.7 – Conclusion ........................................................................ 278 Part V – Conclusions ....................................................................................... 280 Chapter 9 – Conclusions ............................................................................. 280 Section 9.1 – Recapitulation ................................................................... 280 Section 9.2 – The Power of Perception ................................................... 288 Section 9.3 – Proposals for the Future .................................................... 292 Section 9.4 – Further Study ..................................................................... 296 Section 9.5 – In Retrospect ..................................................................... 298 Appendices ...................................................................................................... 301 3 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 341 Primary Sources .......................................................................................... 341 Primary Sources – Interviews ..................................................................... 343 Secondary Sources – Books ........................................................................ 343 Secondary Sources – Periodicals ................................................................ 352 Secondary Sources – Websites ................................................................... 356 4 Index of Illustrations: Figure 1 – Three Perspectives on the Shared Monarchy................................... 37 Figure 2 – Map of the Commonwealth Realms, 1952-Present ......................... 67 Figure 3 – Portraits of Elizabeth II as Used on Coinage ................................. 106 Figure 4 – Heads of State in Republics 1952-2007......................................... 107 Figure 5 – Female Governors General of All Realms 1952-2007 .................. 107 Figure 6 – Female Governors General 1952-2007 .......................................... 108 Figure 7 – Female Governors General of Present Realms 1952-2007 ............ 108 Figure 8 – Female Monarchs 1952-2007 ........................................................ 109 Figure 9 – Female Heads of Government 1952-2007 ..................................... 110 Figure 10 – Nations of the World 1952-2007 ................................................. 110 Figure 11 – Previous Professions of Governors General of Present Realms 1952-2007 ....................................................................................................... 111 Figure 12 – The Queen‟s Personal Standards in the Commonwealth Realms ............................................................................................................