ASource Book from The Open Group The Single UNIX® Specification: Authoriz ed Guide to Version 4 The Open Group Copyr ight ©March 2010, The Open Group All rights reserved. No partofthis publication maybereproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in anyfor m or by any means,electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the copyr ight owners. ASource Book from The Open Group The Single UNIX® Specification: Author ized Guide to Version 4 ISBN: 1-931624-84-4 Document Number:G101 Published byThe Open Group,March 2010. Anycomments relating to the material contained in this document maybesubmitted byemail to: [email protected] ii ASource Book from The Open Group (2010) Contents Chapter 1 The Single UNIX Environment.............................................. 1 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Interface Counts ............................................................................. 2 1.3 For mal Standards Alignment .......................................................... 2 1.4 Por tability Codes ............................................................................ 2 1.5 Option Groups ................................................................................ 6 1.6 Common Director ies and Devices .................................................. 7 1.7 Environment Var iables .................................................................... 7 1.8 YACCGrammars as Specifications ................................................ 8 1.9 Regular Expressions ...................................................................... 9 1.10 File Access ..................................................................................... 9 1.11 Programming Environment ............................................................. 9 1.11.1 C-Language Suppor t ................................................................... 9 1.11.2 Feature Test Macros and Name Space Issues............................ 10 1.11.3 Error Numbers ............................................................................. 10 1.11.4 Signal Concepts .......................................................................... 10 1.11.5 Standard I/O Streams.................................................................. 11 1.11.6 STREAMS ................................................................................... 11 1.11.7 XSI Inter process Communication ................................................ 11 1.11.8 Realtime ...................................................................................... 11 1.11.9 Threads ....................................................................................... 12 1.11.10 Sockets ........................................................................................ 12 1.11.11 General Ter minal Interface .......................................................... 12 1.11.12 HowtoRead an XSH Reference Page ........................................ 12 1.12 Commands and Utilities Environment ............................................ 13 1.12.1 Shell Command Language .......................................................... 13 1.12.2 Symbolic Links ............................................................................. 13 1.12.3 File Format Notation .................................................................... 13 1.12.4 HowtoRead an XCU Reference Page ....................................... 14 1.13 Ter minal Interfaces Environment .................................................... 14 1.14 Internationalization ......................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4........................ 17 2.1 Base Definitions (XBD)................................................................... 17 2.2 System Interfaces (XSH) ................................................................ 18 2.3 Shell and Utilities (XCU) ................................................................. 18 2.4 Rationale (XRAT) ............................................................................ 19 2.5 X/Open Curses (XCURSES) .......................................................... 19 The Single UNIX® Specification: Author ized Guide to Version 4 iii Contents Chapter 3 System Interfaces...................................................................... 21 3.1 Base Documents ............................................................................ 21 3.2 Over viewofChanges ..................................................................... 21 3.3 System Interfaces byCategor y ...................................................... 25 3.4 XSH Option Groups........................................................................ 32 3.5 Options Policy ................................................................................. 34 Chapter 4 Shell and Utilities....................................................................... 37 4.1 Options in XCU............................................................................... 37 4.2 Functional Over view....................................................................... 37 4.3 Base Documents ............................................................................ 39 4.4 Over viewofChanges ..................................................................... 39 4.5 Exclusion of Utilities........................................................................ 40 Chapter 5 Headers.......................................................................................... 45 5.1 Header and Name Space Rules..................................................... 45 5.1.1 ISO CHeaders ............................................................................ 45 5.1.2 POSIX.1-2008 Base Headers...................................................... 46 5.1.3 XSI Headers ................................................................................ 47 5.2 Names SafetoUse ........................................................................ 48 5.3 Base Documents ............................................................................ 48 5.4 Over viewofChanges ..................................................................... 48 Chapter 6 Terminal Interfaces ................................................................... 51 6.1 Functional Over view....................................................................... 51 6.1.1 Curses Interfaces ........................................................................ 51 6.1.2 Curses Utilities ............................................................................. 53 6.2 Over viewofChanges ..................................................................... 53 Chapter 7 System Interface Table............................................................ 55 7.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 55 7.2 System Interface Table ................................................................... 56 Chapter 8 Utility Interface Table ............................................................... 81 8.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 81 8.2 Utility Interface Table ...................................................................... 82 Chapter 9 Header Interface Table............................................................. 87 9.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 87 9.2 Header Interface Table ................................................................... 88 Chapter 10 XCURSES Interface Table ...................................................... 91 10.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 91 10.2 XCURSES Interface Table .............................................................. 91 Chapter 11 System Interfaces Migration ................................................. 101 11.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 101 11.2 System Interfaces ........................................................................... 101 Chapter 12 Utilities Migration ...................................................................... 299 12.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 299 12.2 Utilities ............................................................................................ 299 iv ASource Book from The Open Group (2010) Contents Chapter 13 HeadersMigration ..................................................................... 341 13.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 341 13.2 Headers .......................................................................................... 341 Chapter 14 ISO C Migration .......................................................................... 363 14.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 363 14.2 Language Changes ........................................................................ 363 14.2.1 NewKeywords ............................................................................. 363 14.2.2 NewTypes ................................................................................... 364 14.2.3 Type Qualifiers............................................................................