EXPULSION AND DIASPORA FORMATION Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies 5 Series Editor John Tolan Editorial Board: Camilla Adang, Tel Aviv University Nora Berend, Cambridge University Nicolas De Lange, Cambridge University Maribel Fierro, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Christian Müller, Institut de Recherches et d’Histoire des Textes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Kenneth Pennington, Catholic University of America In the middle ages, from Baghdad to Barcelona, significant communities of religious minorities resided in the midst of polities ruled by Christians and Muslims: Jews and Christians throughout the Muslim world (but particularly from Iraq westward), lived as dhimmis, protected but subordinate minorities; while Jews (and to a lesser extent Muslims) were found in numerous places in Byzantine and Latin Europe. Legists (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) forged laws meant to regulate interreligious interactions, while judges and scholars interpreted these laws. Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies presents a series of studies on these phenomena. Our goal is to study the history of the legal status of religious minorities in Medieval societies in all their variety and complexity. Most of the publications in this series are the products of research of the European Research Council project RELMIN: The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro- Mediterranean World (5th-15th centuries) (www.relmin.eu). Au moyen âge, de Bagdad à Barcelone, des communautés importantes de minorités religieuses vécurent dans des Etats dirigés par des princes chrétiens ou musulmans: dans le monde musulman (surtout de l’Iraq vers l’ouest), juifs et chrétiens résidèrent comme dhimmis, minorités protégées et subordonnées; tandis que de nombreuses communautés juives (et parfois musulmanes) habitèrent dans des pays chrétiens. Des légistes (juifs, chrétiens et musulmans) édictèrent des lois pour réguler les relations interconfessionnelles, tandis que des juges et des hommes de lois s’efforcèrent à les interpréter. La collection Religion and Law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies présente une série d’études sur ces phénomènes. Une partie importante des publications de cette collection est issue des travaux effectués au sein du programme ERC RELMIN : Le Statut Légal des Minorités Religieuses dans l’Espace Euro- méditerranéen (Ve-XVe siècles) (www.relmin.eu). © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. EXPULSION AND DIASPORA FORMATION: RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC IDENTITIES IN FLUX FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Edited by John Tolan F Relmin is supported by the European Research Council, under the EU 7th Framework Programme. Relmin est financé par le Conseil Européen de la Recherche, sous le 7ème Programme Cadre de l’Union Européenne. © 2015, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2015/0095/151 ISBN 978-2-503-55525-6 Printed in the EU on acid-free paper. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. TABLE OF CONTENTS Katalin Szende & John Tolan, Foreword 7 John Tolan, Exile and identity 9 Kyra Lyublyanovics, Spies of the enemy, Pagan herders and vassals most welcome: Cuman–Hungarian relations in the thirteenth century 31 Katalin Szende, Scapegoats or competitors? The expulsion of Jews from Hungarian towns on the aftermath of the battle of Mohács (1526) 51 Robin Mundill, Banishment from the edge of the world: the Jewish experience of Expulsion from England in 1290 85 Nadezda Koryakina, ‘The first exile is ours’: the termsgolah and galut in medieval and early modern Jewish responsa 103 Carsten L. Wilke, Losing Spain, securing Zion: allegory and mental adaption to exile among refugees of the Iberian inquisitions 117 Marcell Sebők, The Galley-Slave Trial of 1674: Conviction and Expulsion of Hungarian Protestants 135 Josep Xavier Muntané i Santiveri, Où cessent les mots : juifs de Catalogne ? Une révision du terme « sefardi » appliqué aux juifs de Catalogne 149 Patrick Sänger, Considerations on the administrative organization of the Jewish military colony in Leontopolis: A case of generosity and calculation 171 Georg Christ, Transients? Jews in Alexandria in the late Middle Ages through Venetian eyes 195 Μarianna D. Birnbaum, Christopher Marlowe and the Jews of Malta 217 Susan Einbinder, Conclusion 231 Index 239 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. FOREWORD ‘Identity,’ says Tony Judt, ‘is a dangerous word. It has no respectable contempo- rary uses.’1 Judt, a historian of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe, is well placed to know the perils for the historian of succumbing to the sirens of iden- tity. A priori, then, it is a potentially perilous enterprise to undertake a volume devoted to Expulsion and Diaspora Formation: Religious and Ethnic Identities in Flux from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. How does the experience of expulsion create, deconstruct, or transform group identities? To what extent do diasporas create cultural identities bridging large spans of time and space? How do the far-flung elements of those diasporas see their link to each other and to the (real or mythicized) land of origin? The eleven articles in this volume are the fruits of a conference held at the Central European University in Budapest, 5–8 June 2013. The conference grew out of a collaboration between two research endeavors both interested in the questions of identity and legal status raised in the process of expulsion and diaspo- ra. First, John Tolan’s RELMIN project (The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean World, Fifth-Fifteenth Centuries) funded by the European Research Council (ERC) with an Advanced Research Grant (ARG) for the period 2010–2015. Second, a collaborative project carried out by the Transcultural Studies Program and the Institute of Papyrology of the University of Heidelberg and the Department of Medieval Studies at CEU set up to study diasporic groups in comparative and distinctly historical pre-modern, that is, late antique, medieval, and early modern perspectives. This latter project looked into a variety of professional and ‘ethnic’ groups operating in and/or connecting two geographic regions: Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand and the Eastern Mediterranean, on the other.2 The conference was accompanied by three field trips that presented the herit- age of religious and ethnic groups that lived in and around Budapest in different historic contexts. One walking tour followed the traces of the German, Italian, Jewish, and Moslem inhabitants of Buda’s Castle Hill; another walking tour took the participants to the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Jewish quarter of Pest, which shows traces of both tragic destruction and modern attempts at revival. 1 Tony Judt, ‘The Edge People,’The New York Review of Books, 23 February 2010, http://www.nybooks.com/ blogs/nyrblog/2010/feb/23/edge-people/ (accessed 11/3/2015). 2 For an overview see Georg Christ – Katalin Szende, Trans-European Diasporas: Migration, Minorities, and the Diasporic Experience in East Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Era – Project Report. Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 20 (2014), 296–305. 8 KATALIN SZENDE & JOHN TOLAN The third excursion, to Vác and the Börzsöny hills, traced the vestiges of medieval German burghers, Slovak settlers after the Ottoman period and a modern Jewish presence. For researchers of the legal aspects of religious cohabitation, the visit to the residence of the Werbőczy family (whose most prominent member was Stephen, the author of the customary law compilation called the Tripartitum) at Alsópetény was especially memorable.3 We would like to thank the Department of Medieval Studies at Central European University for hosting the conference and to our colleagues at CEU, Tijana Krstić and Carsten Wilke for their advice in developing the program. We also thank the Central European University, the University of Heidelberg, the German Academic Exchange Program (DAAD), the Hungarian Scholarship Board (MÖB) and the European Research Council for financing the confer- ence and this publication. Our thanks also to Brepols and in particular to Loes Diercken for help with the publication. And special thanks to Nicolas Stefanni for all his work in the organization of the conference and its publication. This volume is part of a wider reflection, as the fifth volume of the collec- tion ‘Religion and law in Medieval Christian and Muslim Societies’ on social and legal status of religious minorities in the Medieval world. The first volume, The Legal Status of Dhimmī-s in the Islamic West, published in 2013, examined the laws regarding Christian and Jews living in Islamic societies of Europe and the Maghreb and the extent to which such legal theory translate into concrete measures regulating interreligious relations. The second volume in this series (published in 2014), was devoted to Jews in Early Christian Law: Byzantium and the Latin West, Sixth–Eleventh centuries. Volume 3,