ZOYA PROSHINA THEORY OF TRANSLATION (ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN) 3d edition, revised Vladivostok Far Eastern University Press 2008 ББК 81.2-923 П 78 Рецензенты: В.П.Кочетков, канд. филол. наук, профессор; Элизабет Стэнсиу (языковой редактор), магистр гум. наук, волонтер Корпуса мира Прошина З.Г. П 78 ТЕОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА (с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский): Уч. на англ. яз. – Владивосток: Изд-во Дальневост. ун-та, 2008 (3-е изд., перераб.), 2002 (2-е изд., испр. и перераб.), 1999 (1-е изд.) ISBN 5-7444-0957-2 Учебник по теории перевода предназначен для студентов переводческих отделений. Созданный на основе типовой программы по переводу, он раскрывает такие разделы, как общая и частная теория перевода; последняя основывается на сопоставлении английского и русского языков. Может быть рекомендован студентам, преподавателям, переводчикам-практикам и всем тем, кто интересуется вопросами изучения иностранных языков и перевода. П 4602000000 ББК 81.2-923 180(03)-99 (С) Издательство Дальневосточного университета ISBN 5-7444-0957-2 2008 2 CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 6 PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION 7 CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS TRANSLATION? 7 § 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES ......................................................................................................... 7 § 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH .......................................................................................................... 8 § 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH ............................................................................................ 9 § 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION .......................................................................................... 11 § 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT ................................................................................................... 12 § 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION ....................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION 14 § 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA ................................................................................................ 14 § 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION ..................................................................................................... 15 § 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING ................................................................................ 17 § 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION 21 § 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION ................................................................ 21 § 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION ....................................................................................................... 23 § 3. FREE TRANSLATION ............................................................................................................. 25 § 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ ...................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE 28 § 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE .................................................................................................... 28 § 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL .............................................................................................................. 29 § 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL ........................................................................................................... 30 § 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE ..................................................................................................... 30 § 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE .............................................................................. 31 § 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE ................................................................ 32 § 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY .................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 5. WAYS OF ACHIEVING EQUIVALENCE 33 § 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES ............................................................................ 33 § 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION ......................................................................................... 34 § 3. TRANSLITERATION ............................................................................................................... 36 § 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION ....................................................................................................... 39 § 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS ......................................................................................... 40 § 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS ............................................................................................ 41 § 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS ......................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 6. TRANSLATION MODELS 46 § 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS ...................................................................................................... 46 § 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION ......................................................................... 47 § 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION ........................................................... 49 § 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION ............................................................................... 50 § 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION ............................................................. 51 PART III. GRAMMAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 52 CHAPTER 1. FORMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXT 53 CHAPTER 2. TRANSLATING FINITE VERB FORMS 54 §1. TRANSLATING TENSE AND ASPECT FORMS ...................................................................... 55 §2. TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FORMS .............................................................................. 57 §3. TRANSLATING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD FORMS ........................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATING NON-FINITE VERB FORMS 62 §1. TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE ........................................................................................... 62 §2. TRANSLATING THE GERUND ............................................................................................... 65 §3. TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLE ......................................................................................... 66 §4. TRANSLATING ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS .................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 4. TRANSLATING CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 73 §1. TYPES OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................... 73 §2. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CAUSAL VERBS ............................................................................ 73 3 §3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE VERBS TO HAVE, TO GET .................................................. 74 §4. CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-CAUSAL VERBS ............................................ 76 CHAPTER 5. TRANSLATING PRONOUNS 77 §1. TRANSLATING PERSONAL PRONOUNS .............................................................................. 77 §2. TRANSLATING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ............................................................................ 80 §3. TRANSLATING RELATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................ 81 §4. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN ONE ................................................................................... 82 §5. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUNS КАЖДЫЙ / ВСЕ ............................................................. 83 §6. TRANSLATING PARTITIVE PRONOUNS SOME / ANY ......................................................... 84 §7. TRANSLATING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS .................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 6. TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE 87 §1. TRANSLATING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ......................................................................... 87 §2. TRANSLATING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE ............................................................................. 89 §3. TRANSLATING THE ZERO ARTICLE .................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7. TRANSLATING ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTERS 92 §1. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASE ....................................................................... 92 §2. TRANSLATING THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTER. .................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 8. SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN TRANSLATION 96 §1. COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SENTENCE ............ 96 §2. WORD ORDER CHANGE DUE TO THE FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE ........ 98 §3. SENTENCE PARTITIONING AND INTEGRATION ................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 9. DIFFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION 101 §1. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN ........................................ 101 §2. DIFFERENCES IN COMMA USAGE .................................................................................... 102 §3. USING THE DASH ................................................................................................................. 105 §4. USING QUOTATION MARKS ............................................................................................... 105 §5. USING THE COLON AND SEMICOLON ............................................................................. 106 §6. USING THE ELLIPSES .......................................................................................................... 107 PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION