Livestock Dynamics in the Arabian Peninsula January 2003 Livestock Dynamics in the Arabian Peninsula A Regional Review of National Livestock Resources and International Livestock Trade David Bourn, e-mail: [email protected] Environmental Research Group Oxford Limited P.O. Box 346, OXFORD, OX1 3QE, U.K. Phone: (44) 01865 883281 / 271257 Fax: (44) 01865 883281 / 310447 WWW: http://ergodd.zoo.ox.ac.uk Livestock Dynamics in the Arabian Peninsula CONTENTS Summary ........................................................................................iv 3.2 Iraq......................................................................................................16 3.2.1 Geography and People .........................................................16 Acronyms ........................................................................................vi 3.2.2 Agriculture and Livestock.......................................................16 Acknowledgements ........................................................................vi 3.3 Jordan ................................................................................................17 1. Introduction ................................................................................1 3.3.1 Geography and People .........................................................17 3.3.2 Arable Land..............................................................................17 1.1 Geographical Focus ..........................................................................1 3.3.3 Land Use in the Rangelands ..................................................18 1.2 Structure of Report .............................................................................1 3.3.4 Livestock Resources.................................................................19 2. Regional Overview.......................................................................3 3.3.5 Small Ruminant Production Systems......................................20 3.3.6 Transformation of Traditional Transhumance.......................20 2.1 Human Population and Land Use....................................................3 3.3.7 Livestock Imports and Exports ................................................20 2.2 Farming Systems .................................................................................4 3.4 Kuwait.................................................................................................21 2.3 Livestock Production Systems...........................................................5 3.4.1 Geography and People .........................................................21 3.4.2 Arable Land..............................................................................22 2.4 General Environmental Constraints.................................................7 3.4.3 Livestock Resources.................................................................22 2.5 Livestock Resource Profiles ...............................................................7 3.4.4 Livestock Imports .....................................................................23 2.6 Livestock Trade .................................................................................10 3.5 Oman .................................................................................................23 2.6.1 Live Animal Trade Profiles .......................................................10 3.5.1 Geography and People .........................................................23 2.6.2 Live Sheep Exports from Australia..........................................11 3.5.2 Arable Land..............................................................................24 2.6.3 Livestock Import Restrictions...................................................13 3.5.3 Livestock Resources.................................................................24 2.7 Urban:Rural Population (Producer:Consumer) Ratio..................13 3.5.4 Changing Patterns of Rural Trade .........................................25 2.8 Variation in Demand for Live Sheep .............................................13 3.6 Qatar ..................................................................................................26 3.6.1 Geography and People .........................................................26 2.9 Key Factors Shaping Pastoral Livestock Production ...................14 3.6.2 Arable Land..............................................................................26 3. National Assessments................................................................15 3.6.3 Livestock Resources.................................................................26 3.6.4 Livestock Imports .....................................................................26 3.1 Bahrain ...............................................................................................15 3.1.1 Geography and People .........................................................15 3.1.2 Arable Land .............................................................................15 3.1.3 Livestock Resources ................................................................15 - i - Livestock Dynamics in the Arabian Peninsula 3.7 Saudi Arabia......................................................................................27 4. Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................... 41 3.7.1 Geography and People .........................................................27 4.1.1 Changing Modes of Livestock Production...........................41 3.7.2 Traditional Agriculture and Pastoral Nomadism..................27 4.1.2 Intensification and Modernisation.........................................41 3.7.3 Agricultural Development ......................................................28 4.1.3 Transitional Pastoral Production.............................................42 3.7.4 Transformation of Pastoral Livestock Production.................29 4.1.4 Livestock Movement ...............................................................42 3.7.5 Livestock Resources ................................................................29 4.2 Livestock Trade .................................................................................42 3.7.6 Modern Poultry Production ....................................................29 4.2.1 External Trade Records ...........................................................42 3.7.7 Modern Dairy Production .......................................................30 4.2.2 Internal Movement Records...................................................43 3.7.8 Beef and Veal Production......................................................30 4.2.3 Main Markets............................................................................43 3.7.9 Demand for Sheep..................................................................30 4.2.4 Variation in Demand (and Trade Movements) ...................43 3.7.10 Livestock Imports ...................................................................32 4.3 Epidemiological Significance of Findings .....................................43 3.8 Syria.....................................................................................................32 3.8.1 Geography and People .........................................................32 4.4 Critical Information Gaps ................................................................44 3.8.2 Arable Land .............................................................................32 4.5 Suggested Remedies .......................................................................45 3.8.3 Livestock Resources ................................................................32 4.5.1 Strengthen Regional Networking...........................................45 3.8.4 Livestock Distribution ...............................................................33 4.5.2 Obtain Better Understanding of Livestock Trade.................45 3.8.5 Hima System of Range Use.....................................................34 4.5.3 Enhance Monitoring................................................................45 3.8.6 Changing Modes of Production............................................34 4.5.4 Strengthen GIS and Database Management Capacity ...45 3.8.7 Institutional Change................................................................34 3.8.8 Livestock Marketing.................................................................35 5. References and Annotated Bibliography .................................. 46 3.8.9 Livestock Trade ........................................................................35 6. Selected Websites..................................................................... 66 3.9 United Arab Emirates .......................................................................36 Appendix 1: Terms of Reference................................................... 67 3.9.1 Geography and People .........................................................36 Appendix 2: Demographic and Economic Indicators (2001)........ 68 3.9.2 Agriculture ................................................................................37 3.9.3 Livestock Resources ................................................................37 Appendix 3: Farming Systems ...................................................... 69 3.10 Yemen..............................................................................................38 Appendix 4: Global Livestock Productions Systems ..................... 70 3.10.1 Geography and People .......................................................38 Appendix