2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST. HIST. ANOM. ANOM. (Ma) CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 65.5 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 542 CALABRIAN MAASTRICHTIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE 1.8 31 C31 251 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 70.6 254 2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 L 630 C2A 3.6 WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN 33 CAMPANIAN CAPITANIAN 5 C3 5.3 266 750 NEOPRO- CRYOGENIAN 80 C33 M WORDIAN MESSINIAN LATE 268 TEROZOIC 3A C3A 83.5 ROADIAN 7.2 SANTONIAN 271 85.8 KUNGURIAN 850 4 276 C4 CONIACIAN 280 4A 89.3 ARTINSKIAN TONIAN C4A L TORTONIAN 90 284 TURONIAN PERMIAN 10 5 93.5 E 1000 1000 C5 SAKMARIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 297 99.6 ASSELIAN STENIAN SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 299.0 5A 100 300 GZELIAN C5A 13.8 M KASIMOVIAN 304 1200 PENNSYL- 306 1250 15 5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN MESOPRO- C5B VANIAN 312 ECTASIAN 5C 16.0 110 BASHKIRIAN TEROZOIC C5C 112 5D C5D MIOCENE 320 318 1400 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 326 6 C6 APTIAN 20 120 1500 CALYMMIAN E 20.4 6A C6A EARLY MISSIS- M0r 125 VISEAN 1600 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 SIPPIAN M3 BARREMIAN C6C 23.0 345 6C CRETACEOUS 130 M5 130 STATHERIAN CARBONIFEROUS TOURNAISIAN 7 C7 HAUTERIVIAN 1750 25 7A M10 C7A 136 359 8 C8 L CHATTIAN M12 VALANGINIAN 360 L 1800 140 M14 140 9 C9 M16 FAMENNIAN BERRIASIAN M18 PROTEROZOIC OROSIRIAN 10 C10 28.4 145.5 M20 2000 30 11 C11 TITHONIAN 374 PALEOPRO- 150 M22 2050 12 E RUPELIAN 151 380 FRASNIAN TEROZOIC C12 M25 LATE KIMMERIDGIAN 385 OLIGOCENE 156 GIVETIAN RHYACIAN M29 392 13 OXFORDIAN M C13 TERTIARY 33.9 160 2250 161 DEVONIAN EIFELIAN 35 15 C15 CALLOVIAN 400 398 2300 16 C16 L PRIABONIAN 165 EMSIAN BATHONIAN 407 17 37.2 E C17 MIDDLE 168 PRAGHIAN 411 SIDERIAN 170 BAJOCIAN LOCKHOVIAN 172 416 18 BARTONIAN AALENIAN PRIDOLIAN 419 2500 2500 C18 420 L 40 176 LUDFORDIAN 421 40.4 GORSTIAN 19 C19 180 423 TOARCIAN HOMERIAN 426 M SHEINWOODIAN NEOARCHEAN 183 428 20 TELYCHIAN 436 C20 PLIENSBACHIAN AERONIAN 2750 M EARLY 440 E 439 SILURIAN RHUDDANIAN 45 LUTETIAN 190 190 444 2800 JURASSIC SINEMURIAN HIRNANTIAN 446 21 CHANGES RAPID POLARITY 197 L KATIAN C21 455 EOCENE 200 HETTANGIAN SANDBIAN MESO- 48.6 201.6 460 461 3000 22 RHAETIAN ARCHEAN C22 204 M DARRIWILIAN 50 468 23 DAPINGIAN C23 PALEOGENE 210 472 E YPRESIAN FLOIAN 3200 24 480 479 E 3250 C24 NORIAN ORDOVICIAN TREMADOCIAN LATE 488 55 220 STAGE 10 55.8 Furon- 492 STAGE 9 PALEO- 25 C25 THANETIAN gian 496 ARCHEAN L 500 PAIBIAN 501 GUZHANGIAN 3500 26 228 503 ARCHEAN 58.7 230 Series 3 DRUMIAN C26 507 60 CARNIAN STAGE 5 510 M SELANDIAN STAGE 4 3600 235 Series 2 517 27 61.7 LADINIAN 520 STAGE 3 C27 240 MIDDLE 521 241 28 3750 C28 E TRIASSIC ANISIAN DANIAN CAMBRIAN* Terre- EOARCHEAN 29 245 STAGE 2 65 PALEOCENE OLENEKIAN neuvian 3850 C29 65.5 EARLY 535 250 250 FORTUNIAN HADEAN 30 C30 INDUAN 251.0 540 542 *International ages have not been fully established. These are current names as reported by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009, Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C. ©2009 The Geological Society of America. Sources for nomenclature and ages are primarily from Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., et al., 2004, A Geologic Time Scale 2004: Cambridge University Press, 589 p. Modifications to the Triassic after: Furin, S., Preto, N., Rigo, M., Roghi, G., Gianolla, P., Crowley, J.L., and Bowring, S.A., 2006, High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs: Geology, v. 34, p. 1009–1012, doi: 10.1130/G22967A.1; and Kent, D.V., and Olsen, P.E., 2008, Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B06105, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005407..