Advances in Biosensors: Reviews Volume 2 S. Yurish Editor Advances in Biosensors: Reviews Volume 2 International Frequency Sensor Association Publishing S. Yurish, Editor Advances in Biosensors: Reviews. Volume 2 Published by IFSA Publishing, S. L., 2018 E-mail (for print book orders and customer service enquires): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.sensorsportal.com Advances in Biosensors: Reviews, Vol. 2 is an open access book which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the authors. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. Neither the authors nor International Frequency Sensor Association Publishing accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use. ISBN: 978-84-09-05394-0 e-ISBN: 978-84-09-05393-3 BN-20180930-XX BIC: TCBS Contents Contents Contents ........................................................................................................... 5 Preface ............................................................................................................. 9 Contributors .................................................................................................. 11 1. Photoelectrochemical Biosensors Boosted by Nanostructured Materials .................................................................. 15 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15 1.2. Working Principles and Potential Applications ................................................ 17 1.2.1. Working Principles .................................................................................. 17 1.2.2. Potential Applications .............................................................................. 18 1.3. Photoactive Species .......................................................................................... 22 1.3.1. Formation of Composite Semiconductors ................................................ 24 1.3.2. Organic Dye Sensitization ........................................................................ 26 1.3.3. Metal Ion Doping ..................................................................................... 28 1.4. Sensing Mechanisms of Photoelectrochemical Biosensors .............................. 29 1.4.1. Direct Charge Transfer ............................................................................ 30 1.4.2. Enzymatic Reaction .................................................................................. 31 1.4.3. Steric Hindrance ...................................................................................... 33 1.5. Conclusions and Perspective ............................................................................ 34 References ............................................................................................................... 35 2. Point-of-Care Electrochemical Immunosensors Applied to Diagnostic in Health ............................................................................ 43 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43 2.2. PoCT Electrochemical Immunosensor ............................................................. 46 2.3. Advances on PoCT Immunosensors ................................................................. 47 2.3.1. PoCT Immunosensors Based on Carbon Allotropes ................................ 47 2.3.2. PoCT Immunosensors Based on Metal Nanoparticles ............................. 51 2.4. Lab-On-A-Chip Based Immunosensors ........................................................... 54 2.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 57 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 57 References ............................................................................................................... 58 3. Sensors and Bioelectronics in the Kidney Replacement Therapy Applications ............................................................................... 65 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 65 3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 66 3.2. Bioimpedance and Impedance Spectroscopy Methods in Biomedical Applications ..................................................................................................... 69 5 Advances in Biosensors: Reviews. Volume 2 3.2.1. Water Volumes Evaluation in Bioimpedance Technique .......................... 69 3.2.2. On the Theory of Interfacial Polarization ................................................ 71 3.2.3. Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance /Spectroscopy (MF-BIA/BIS). Bioimpedance Analysis in Water Content Measurements ........................ 74 3.2.4. Challenges in the Theory of Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Analysis .................................................................................. 77 3.3. The Acoustic and Impedimetric Methods in Biomedical Applications ........... 78 3.3.1. Pre-Treatment of the QCM Surface in Biosensors’ Applications ............. 81 3.3.1.1. Supported Membranes and Biomimetic Strategies ............................ 81 3.3.1.2. Lipid Vesicles Adhesion: Modelling Cell- Substrate Interaction ...... 84 3.3.2. The Cells Adhesion to the Surfaces Measured with the QCM ................. 85 3.3.3. QCM for the Studies of Clotting: Heparin Coating, Platelets Activation and Immunity Factors ............................................................. 89 3.3.4. QCM for the Whole Blood Studies and Anticoagulants Research ............ 90 3.3.5. QCM for the Control of Hemodialysis Membranes Biofouling ................ 92 3.3.6. Theoretical Background for the Acoustic Biosensors (QCM and SAW-Based): Modelling the Response of Sensors in Measurements of Soft Biological Materials in Liquids ........................ 93 3.3.7. QCM-EIS/ECIS Combined Sensing ........................................................ 100 3.3.8. QCM, ECIS or QCM Combined with EIS/ECIS in Water Control for Dialysis ............................................................................................. 103 3.3.8.1. Importance of Water Quality Control for HD .................................. 103 3.3.8.2. Designing Biosensors for the Detection of Heavy Metals Ions in Solution ...................................................................................... 104 3.3.8.3. Biosensors for Label-Free Sensing of Water Contaminants (Based on QCM and EIS/ECIS) ..................................................... 107 3.4. Outlook ........................................................................................................... 109 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 112 References ............................................................................................................. 112 4. Solid State Colorimetric Biosensors .......................................................133 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 133 4.2. Polymer Films and Glass Substrates ............................................................... 134 4.3. Gels ................................................................................................................. 136 4.4. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers .................................................................... 137 4.5. Nanofibers ...................................................................................................... 138 4.6. Other Substrates .............................................................................................. 141 4.7. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 141 References ............................................................................................................. 142 5. Sensing of H2O2 as Cancer Biomarker with LDHs Nanostructures ....147 5.1. Hydrogen Peroxide as Cancer Biomarker ....................................................... 147 5.2. LDHs Based Electrochemical Biosensors ....................................................... 148 5.3. Fabrication of Nanohybrids ............................................................................ 150 5.3.1. Simple Coprecipitation Method .............................................................. 150 5.4. Cell Culture .................................................................................................... 152 5.5. Amperometric Detection of Extracellular H2O2 ............................................. 152 5.6. Electrocatalytic Sensing Performance ............................................................ 152 5.7. Detection of H2O2 Triggered by Live Cancer Cells ........................................ 155 6 Contents 5.8. Detection of