TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Number E-C126 June 2008 Surface Transportation Weather and Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology Fourth National Conference on Surface Transportation Weather Seventh International Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology June 16–19, 2008 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS Chair: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation, Topeka Vice Chair: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Division Chair for NRC Oversight: C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008–2009 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES COUNCIL Chair: Robert C. Johns, Director, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Technical Activities Director: Mark R. Norman, Transportation Research Board Paul H. Bingham, Principal, Global Insight, Inc., Washington, D.C., Freight Systems Group Chair Shelly R. Brown, Principal, Shelly Brown Associates, Seattle, Washington, Legal Resources Group Chair Cindy Burbank, National Planning and Environment Practice Leader, PB, Washington, D.C., Policy and Organization Group Chair James M. Crites, Executive Vice President, Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, Aviation Group Chair Leanna Depue, Director, Highway Safety Division, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, System Users Group Chair Arlene L. Dietz, C&A Dietz, LLC, Salem, Oregon, Marine Group Chair Robert M. Dorer, Deputy Director, Office of Surface Transportation Programs, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Rail Group Chair Karla H. Karash, Vice President, TranSystems Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts, Public Transportation Group Chair Mary Lou Ralls, Principal, Ralls Newman, LLC, Austin, Texas, Design and Construction Group Chair Katherine F. Turnbull, Associate Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Planning and Environment Group Chair Daniel S. Turner, Professor, University of Alabama, and Director, University Transportation Center for Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Operations and Maintenance Group Chair TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CIRCULAR E-C126 Surface Transportation Weather and Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology Fourth National Conference on Surface Transportation Weather Seventh International Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology June 16–19, 2008 Indianapolis, Indiana Sponsored by Transportation Research Board of the National Academies In Cooperation with Indiana Department of Transportation American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Federal Highway Administration June 2008 Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 www.TRB.org TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CIRCULAR E-C126 ISSN 0097-8515 The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council, which serves as an independent adviser to the federal government and others on scientific and technical questions of national importance. The National Research Council is jointly administered by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Transportation Research Board is distributing this Circular to make the information contained herein available for use by individual practitioners in state and local transportation agencies, researchers in academic institutions, and other members of the transportation research community. The information in this Circular was taken directly from the submission of the authors. This document is not a report of the National Research Council or of the National Academy of Sciences. Surface Transportation Weather Task Force Wilfrid A. Nixon, Chair Richard J. Nelson and Richard Wagoner, Vice Chairs Roemer Alfelor Christopher Flanigan Peter P. Neilley Joseph Perrin, Jr. Roya Amjadi Tina Greenfield Jim O’Sullivan Panos D. Prevedouros William M. Browder Arthur L. Handman Jan Olander Adel W. Sadek James D. Colyar Keishi Ishimoto Leon F. Osborne, Jr. Kathy Strebe Frank L. Estis Sandra Q. Larson Max S. Perchanok Surface Transportation Weather Program Subcommittee Wilfrid A. Nixon Roemer Alfelor Peter P. Neilley Leon F. Osborne, Jr. Winter Maintenance Committee John P. Burkhardt, Chair Joseph Brett Althouse Charles C. Goodhart L. David Minsk Sean M. Riley Roya Amjadi Richard L. Hanneman Tony Myhra Noriyuki Sato Richard M. Balgowan Yasuhiko Kajiya Richard J. Nelson Xianming Shi Lisa Ballard Patrick Kennedy Wilfrid A. Nixon Leland D. Smithson Dennis W. Belter Dennis A. Kroeger Jan Olander Gregory E. Thompson Pete F. Costello David A. Kuemmel Max S. Perchanok Torgeir Vaa Tim Croze Chan-young Lee Thomas E. Pericak Donald M. Walker Rand Decker Mikko Malmivuo Lin Qiu Yetkin Yildirim Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology Program Subcommittee John P. Burkhardt Richard L. Hanneman William Mahoney Dennis W. Belter Wilfrid A. Nixon Frank N. Lisle, TRB Staff Representative Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 www.TRB.org Ann E. Petty, Production Editor; Jennifer Correro, Proofreader and Layout; Jennifer J. Weeks, Manuscript Preparation; Mary McLaughlin, Jennifer Merrill Thompson, and Deborah Uffelman, Proofreaders Preface he 4th National Conference on Surface Transportation Weather was held on June 16–17, T 2008, and the 7th International Symposium on Snow and Ice Control on June 17–19, 2008, in Indianapolis, Indiana. The conference was conducted by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Task Force on Surface Transportation Weather, and the symposium, by the Winter Maintenance Committee, in cooperation with Indiana Department of Transportation, AASHTO, and FHWA. This conference and symposium included papers and presentations on the application of weather information in transportation agencies; snowplow operations; maintenance decision support systems; modeling and forecasting weather in surface transportation; data collection and assessing technologies; impact of weather on traffic operations; weather information for drivers; environmental stewardship; blowing snow; pavement surface temperature; surface friction measurement; and characteristics of materials. Maintenance managers, engineers, and researchers from the following countries presented their papers: Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The papers were not subjected to the TRB peer review process. iii Contents NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES AND ASSESSING TECHNOLOGIES A New Paradigm in Observing the Near Surface and Pavement: Clarus and Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (Weather08-012)................................................................................3 Paul A. Pisano, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Andrew D. Stern Winter Operations in View of Vision Zero (Snow08-041)........................................................16 Torgeir Vaa and Åge Sivertsen Proposed Test Bed for Surface Transportation Weather Technologies (Weather08-025) ....27 Mark A. Askelson and Leon F. Osborne, Jr. MODELING AND FORECASTING TEMPERATURE IN SURFACE TRANSPORTATION Modeling Rail Temperature with Real-Time Weather Data (Weather08-001) ......................37 Yu-Jiang Zhang and Sung Lee The Road Temperature Forecast Tool (Weather08-009) ..........................................................49 Daniel Bättig Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Pavement Temperatures for Optimal Winter Road Maintenance Operations (Snow08-035A)............................................57 L. Fu, B. Hashemloo, F. Feng, and Max S. Perchanok Night Icing Potential Demonstration Project (Snow08-045)....................................................58 Paul J. DeLannoy, Shawn Allan, Terry M. Bullock, John D. McClintock, Greg Moffatt, David Robbins, Robert Sayer, Philip Woodhams, Paul Richard, and Bernie MacDonald CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS Eutectic Depressants: Relationship of Eutectic, Freezing Point, and Ice Melting Capacity in Liquid Deicers (Snow08-008) .............................................................73 Scott Koefod The Amount of Salt on Road Surfaces After Salt Application: A Discussion of Mechanisms and Parameters (Snow08-013)..........................................................................85 Kai Rune Lysbakken and Harald Norem iv Wet Dust Sampler: Technological Innovation for Sampling Particles and Salt on Road Surface (Snow08-028)..................................................................102 Per Jonsson, Göran Blomqvist, and Mats Gustafsson Numerical Evolution of Deicer Amount on Pavement Surface: Traffic and Weather Influences (Snow08-046)........................................................................112 Mario Marchetti, Rodolphe Duval, Jean Livet, Maurice François, Philippe Pecquenard, and Pierre Guillevic USING WEATHER INFORMATION TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC SAFETY Comprehensive Winter Maintenance Management System to Increase Road Safety and Traffic Flow (Snow08-052) ...........................................................127 Thorsten Cypra Advanced Road Safety and Weather Warning System (Weather08-007)