Fall 2017 Bulletin of the German Historical Institute | 61 Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Fall 2017 1607 NEW HAMPSHIRE AVE NW WWW.GHI-DC.ORG WASHINGTON DC 20009 USA [email protected] German Historical Institute Washington Fellows and Staff For further information, please consult our web site: www.ghi-dc.org Prof. Dr. Simone Lässig, Director History of knowledge; German social and cultural history; Jewish history; history of religion and religiosity; historical education; educational media and digital humanities PD Dr. Axel Jansen, Deputy Director History of the United States; history of science Stefan Böhm, Administrative Director Dr. Elisabeth Engel, Research Fellow North American history; race and empire; modern colonialism; Atlantic and transnational history; Bulletin of the German Historical Institute postcolonial studies; history of capitalism Washington DC Dr. Matthew Hiebert, Research Fellow Digital history and digital humanities; transnational intellectual history and literary movements; Editor: Richard F. 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German Jewish history; migration and transnationalism; everyday life and consumption; For editorial comments or inquiries, please contact memory and emotion the editor at [email protected] or at the address below. Dr. Andrea Westermann, Research Fellow and Head of GHI West – Pacifi c Regional Offi ce History of the earth sciences, environmental history, history of technology, material For further information about the GHI, please visit our culture studies, history of knowledge web site www.ghi-dc.org. Dr. Richard F. Wetzell, Research Fellow and Editor Modern European and German history; intellectual and cultural history; legal history; For general inquiries, please send an email to [email protected]. history of science and medicine; history of sexuality German Historical Institute Dr. Thomas L. Hughes, Senior Visiting Research Fellow 1607 New Hampshire Ave NW Dr. Robert Gerald Livingston, Senior Visiting Research Fellow Washington DC 20009-2562 USA Sarah Beringer, Research and Press Coordinator Anna Maria Boß, Head Librarian Phone: (202) 387-3355 Anita Brown, Library Associate Fax: (202) 483-3430 Sally Dill, Administrative and Research Assistant © German Historical Institute 2017 Susanne Fabricius, Foreign Language Assistant All rights reserved Heike Friedman, Program Coordinator, GHI West Christiane Geidt, Receptionist ISSN 1048-9134 Bryan Hart, Program Offi cer (Fellowships) and Webmaster Insa Kummer, Project Editor Alexa Lässig, Social Media Coordinator David B. Lazar, Senior Editor Elisabeth Mait, Library Associate Dr. Kelly McCullough, Project Manager Dr. Atiba Pertilla, Project Associate Jörg Schröder, Deputy Administrative Director Melanie Smaney, Administrative Associate Dr. Mark Stoneman, Editor Dr. Patricia Casey Sutcliffe, Editor Atanas Vasilev, IT/Systems Manager Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 61 | Fall 2017 5 Preface FEATURES 9 Colonial Germans and Slavery on the Eve of the American Revolution: The Case of Ebenezer James Van Horn Melton FORUM: DIVERSITY IN GERMAN HISTORY Edited by Till van Rahden, Anthony Steinhoff, and Richard F. Wetzell 25 Diversity in German History: Introduction Till van Rahden, Anthony Steinhoff, and Richard F. Wetzell 31 Social Fiction and Diversity in Post-Reformation Germany Jesse Spohnholz 49 What Travelers Saw in Eighteenth-Century Germany Helmut Walser Smith 67 A Battlefi eld for Emancipation: The Hamburg Kindergarten Movement and the Revolutionary 1840s Nisrine Rahal 85 Diversity, Inclusivity, and “Germanness” in Latin America during the Interwar Period H. Glenn Penny 109 “Toward a Better World for Gays”: Race, Tourism, and the Internationalization of the West German Gay Rights Movement, 1969-1983 Christopher Ewing CONFERENCE REPORTS 137 The United States and World War I: Perspectives and Legacies Manuel Franz and Lara Track 143 Mapping Entanglements: Dynamics of Missionary Knowledge and “Materialities” across Space and Time (16th to 20th Centuries) Eva Bischoff 149 German Past Futures in the Twentieth Century Arnd Bauerkämper, Frank Biess, Kai Evers, and Anne Schenderlein 155 Observing the Everyday: Journalistic Practices and Knowledge Production in the Modern Era Kerstin von der Krone 161 Fifth Junior Scholars Conference in Jewish History: Rich and Poor, Jews and Gentiles. Wealth, Poverty and Class in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Constanze Kolbe 167 Forever Young? Rejuvenation in Transnational and Transcolonial Perspective, 1900-2000 Mischa Honeck and Paul Schweitzer-Martin 173 Beyond Data: Knowledge Production in Bureaucracies across Science, Commerce, and the State Sebastian Felten and Christine von Oertzen 181 23rd Transatlantic Doctoral Seminar: German History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Richard F. Wetzell 2 BULLETIN OF THE GHI | 61 | FALL 2017 189 GHI NEWS German History in Documents and Images Receives DFG Grant GHI History of Knowledge Blog New GHI Publications Staff Changes GHI Fellowships and Internships Recipients of GHI Fellowships, 2017/18 GHI Research Seminar and Colloquium, Spring/Summer 2017 GHI Calendar of Events 2017/18 GHI Library BULLETIN OF THE GHI | 61 | FALL 2017 3 PREFACE This issue’s fi rst feature article presents the German Historical Institute’s eighth Gerald D. Feldman Memorial Lecture, which was delivered by James Van Horn Melton of Emory University this past May. Melton’s lecture on “Colonial Germans and Slavery on the Eve of the American Revolution: The Case of Ebenezer” examines the frontier community of Ebenezer in colonial Georgia, which was settled by exiled Protestant migrants from Salzburg in the 1730s and was for a time the most suc- cessful settlement in the colony. Exploring the question why the Ebenezer Salzburgers opposed slavery, Melton argues that their opposition to slavery had more to do with fear of enslaved Africans than sympathy with their condition. This fear was concerned not only with violence but with eco- nomic competition. It was precisely because the Salzburg settlers were not only farmers but showed great versatility in practicing a variety of craft s that they were concerned about competition from slaves. Melton’s article therefore sheds new light both on the economic strategies of the Salzburg settlers and on their motivations for opposing slavery. The remainder of our features section presents a special forum with fi ve articles on “Diversity in German History” from the early modern era to the late twentieth century. This special section is introduced by Till van Rahden, Anthony J. Steinhoff , and Richard F. Wetzell, who co-organized the recent conference from which the articles presented here were drawn. The fi rst article in this section, by Jesse Spohnholz, presents a case study of the city of Wesel in the post-Reformation era to demonstrate that informal practices of “mutual dissimulation” played a crucial role in facilitating inter-confessional coexistence. Next, Helmut Walser Smith’s analysis of the writings of late-eighteenth-century travelers argues that travel accounts focused on observable, measurable, mapable surfaces — cities, states, territories, and people — gave way to a new way of see- ing, namely a romanticization of landscape and a heightened attention to the senses that refl ected a shift in the conception of nationhood from an exterior object to an interior identity. Moving forward into the nineteenth century, Nisrine Rahal’s study of the Hamburg kindergarten movement of the 1840s argues that the kindergarten became a key avenue for social and cultural reform. Since women were to play a central role in the kindergartens, disagreements over women’s proper roles led to growing divisions among kindergarten activists. H. Glenn Penny’s article uses German schools in Guatemala City, Buenos Aires, and southern Chile as lenses to study the develop- ment of German communities in Latin America in the interwar era. PREFACE 5 Arguing that “German spaces” were not limited to Germany, Penny contends that the study of these German communities and the asso- ciated transnational networks reveals notions of “Germanness” that were much more fl uid, inclusive, and diverse than is oft en assumed. In the fi nal article in this section, Christopher Ewing analyses the intersec- tion of sexuality and race by examining the confl uence of gay sex tourism and gay rights activism in 1970s West Germany. Even as sex tourism continued to promote racial stereotypes that exoticized men of color, the increased persecution of gay men in North Africa, Greece, and postrevolu- tionary Iran led the West German gay community to take part in creating an international gay rights movement that was premised on extending a universalist gay identity to same-sex desiring men around the globe. The conference report section