CORNELL UNIVERSITY ' LIBRARY FROM THE ALUMNI FUND THROUGH THE CORNELLIAN COUNCIL Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library BL 1205.S84 The rites of the twice-born 3 1924 021 471 879 ..^-- Sate DUE Qf?f ;^5 This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Corneii University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in iimited quantity for your personai purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partiai versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commerciai purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.Qrg/details/cu31924021471879 '^ Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® THE RELIGIOUS QUEST OF INDIA EDITED BY J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A., D.Litt. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND GEYLON AND H. D, GRISWOLD, M.A., Ph.D. SECRETARY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS IN INDIA Digitized by Microsoft® UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME ALREADY PUBLISHED INDIAN THEISM. By NicoL Macnicol, M.A., D.LiTT. Pp.xvi + 292. Price 6s. net. THE HEART OF JAINISM. By Mrs. Sincj-air Stevenson, M.A., Sc.D. Pp. xxiv + 336. Price 7s. 6d. THE TREASURE OF THE By James Hope Moulton, MAGI. D.LiTT., D.D., D.C.L. Pp. XV + 273. Price 8s. 6d. REDEMPTION HINDU By Sydney Cave, D.D. AND CHRISTIAN. Pp. xii + 263. Price I OS. 6d. OUTLINE OF THE RE- By J. N. Farquhar, M.A., LIGIOUS LITERATURE D.Litt. Pp. xxviii + 451. OF INDIA. Price i8s. IN PREPARATION THE RELIGION OF THE By H. D. Griswold, M.A., RIGVEDA. Ph.D. Lahore. HINDU ETHICS . By John McKenzie, M.A, Wilson College, Bombay. BUDDHISM By K. J. Saunders, M.A., Calcutta. THE VEDANTA By W. S. Urquhart, M.A., D.Phil., Scottish Churches' College, Calcutta. ISLAM IN INDIA By M. T. Titus, B.A., Mora- dabad. Digitized by Microsoft® EDITORIAL PREFACE The writers of this series of volumes on the variant forms of religious life in India are governed in their work by two impelling motives. I. They endeavour to work in the sincere and sympathetic spirit of science. They desire to understand the perplexingly involved developments of thought and life in India and dis- passionately to estimate their value. They recognize the futility of any such attempt to understand and evaluate, unless it is grounded in a thorough historical study of the phenomena investigated. In recognizing this fact they do no more than share what is common ground among all modern students of religion of any repute. But they also believe that it is neces- sary to set the practical side of each system in living relation to the beliefs and the literature, and that, in this regard, the close and direct contact which they have each had with Indian religious life ought to prove a source of valuable light. For, until a clear understanding has been gained of the practical influence exerted by the habits of worship, by the practice of the ascetic, devotional, or occult discipline, by the social organization and by the family system, the real impact of the faith upon the life of the individual and the community cannot be estimated; and, without the advantage of extended personal intercourse, a trustworthy, account of the religious experience of a community can scarcely be achieved by even the most careful student. II. They seek to set each form of Indian religion by the side of Christianity in such a way that the relationship may stand out clear. Jesus Christ has' become to them the light of a a • Digitized by Microsoft® iv EDITORIAL PREFACE all their seeing, and they believe Him destined to be the light of the world. They are persuaded that sooner or later the age-long quest of the Indian spirit for religious truth and power will find in Him at once its goal and a new starting- point, and they will be content if the preparation of this series contributes in the smallest degree to hasten this consumma- tion. If there be readers to whom this motive is unwelcome, they may be reminded that no man approaches the study of a religion without religious convictions, either positive or negative : for both reader and writer, therefore, it is better that these should be explicitly stated at the outset. More- over, even a complete lack of sympathy with the motive here acknowledged need not diminish a reader's interest in following an honest and careful attempt to bring the religions of India into comparison with the religion which to-day is their only possible rival, and to which they largely owe their present noticeable and significant revival. It is possible that to some minds there may seem to be a measure of incompatibility between these two motives. The writers, however, feel otherwise. For them the second motive reinforces the first : for they have found that he who would lead others into a new faith must first of all understand the faith that is theirs already—understand it, moreover, sympa- thetically, with a mind quick to note not its weaknesses alone but that in it which has enabled it to survive and has given it its power over the hearts of those who profess it. The duty of the Editors of the series is limited to seeing that the volumes are in general harmony with the principles here described. Each writer is alone responsible for the opinions expressed in his volume, whether in regard to Indian religions or to Christianity. Digitized by Microsoft® THE RELIGIOUS QUEST OF INDIA THE RITES OF THE TWICE-BORN BY MRS. SINCLAIR STEVENSON M.A., Sc.D. (Dublin) OF THE IRISH MISSION IN GUJARAT SOMEHME SCHOLAR OF SOMERVILLE COLLEGE, OXFORD HONOUR SCHOOL OF JURISPRUDENCE, OXFORD ' AUTHOR OF ' NOTES ON MODERN JAINISM ', ' THE HEART OF JAINISM ' ' FIRST STEPS IN GUJARATI WITH FOREWORD BY A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D., F.B.A. PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY 1920 Digitized by Microsoft® 6/^ Jill /\l^^ ////t<^ ^ Digitized by Microsoft® TO THE TWO GALLANT BROTHERS, LIEUT. C. H. B. ADAMS-WYLIE, LM.S. (died at BLOEMFONTEIN, 1900), AND SAPPER A. W. HAMILTON ADAMS, CANADIAN ENGINEERS (DIED NEAR MERVILLE, I915), WHO WERE HER EARLIEST CRITICS AND HER FIRST REVIEWERS, THEIR SISTER DEDICATES THIS BOOK Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® FOREWORD It is with peculiar pleasure that I write the following lines as a foreword to this volume, because both Mrs. Stevenson and her husband assiduously studied Sanskrit with me several years ago at Oxford. An adequate knowledge of the sacred language of the Brahmans is a necessary basis for a trustworthy exposition of the life of the caste which committed its ritual rules to writing in the Sanskrit Sutra literature more than 3,000 years ago, and which has adhered to them as there formulated with comparatively little modification down to the present time. As the daily life of the Hindus from the cradle to the grave is interpenetrated with religious practices more closely than that of any other people in the world, the mass of material involved in a description of their ceremonial is very great. Mrs. Steven- son has enjoyed the advantage of collecting this material through direct and continuous association with Brahmans during a residence of a good many years in a part of India where old traditions have been particularly well preserved. She^has consequently been able to handle her subject with a first-hand knowledge denied to most other writers who generally derive their information from books only. She has, moreover, adopted the doubly excellent plan of restricting her account to a single region of India and of submitting what she has written for correction to those who themselves practise the rites she describes. Otherwise, owing to the numerous diver- gencies in detail of Brahmanical ceremonies in different parts of India, her statement, as being too general, would have been, on the one hand, liable to frequent criticism and contradiction, Digitized by Microsoft® X FOREWORD and on the other might have been on her part inaccurate or misleading because of the misunderstanding or misinterpreta- tion of the facts observed. It is to be hoped that others possessing the necessary equipment and prolonged opportuni- ties of study on the spot will in different parts of the country follow Mrs. Stevenson's methods, and supply the student of Indian religions with new and well-attested data from every region of the peninsula. The subject-matter of the book is distributed in three parts. The first deals with the epochs in a Brahman's life : birth, investiture with the sacred thread, betrothal, marriage, and death, together with the beliefs, _ practices, and cereiiionies connected with the main periods of his career, such as rites performed in infancy, the importance of a son, funeral offerings, the punishments in future existences of sins committed in this life, the widow's lot, and other matters. The second part is concerned with times and seasons in so far as they are con- nected with the ritual of the Brahman's day, of the days of the week, the month, and the year ; and with occasional rites and observances associated with the building of houses, the digging of wells, and with pilgrimages, sacred hills and rivers. The last part describes the worship of the two great gods Visnu and Siva, together with the ceremonies performed in their temples.