University of Mississippi FLOOD MITIGATION ENGINEERING RESOURCE CENTER (FMERC) - PROJECT EC14-005 Final Report Appendix C- Hydrodynamic and Morpho-dynamic Model Data Sources, Acquisition and Development Sandy Baseline Model and Simulation of Performance of Alternative Hard- Structures (Flood Walls and Barriers) 18 June, 2014 Submitted to: NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Office of Engineering and Construction Trenton, NJ Attn: Dave Rosenblatt, Administrator John Moyle, Manager of Dam Safety and Flood Control 0 Simulations of Storm Surges Driven by Hurricane Sandy and Sea Level Rise, Evaluation of Flood Protection Structures, and Modeling of Contaminant Leaching Technical Report April 28, 2014 Submitted to: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Attn: Dr. Fadi A. Karaa Submitted by: National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering The University of Mississippi Brevard Hall 327, University, MS 38677-1848 (662)915-8969 Attn: Yan Ding, Mustafa S. Altinakar, Yaoxin Zhang, A.K.M. Azad Hossain, and Yafei Jia 1 Table of Contents 1 Objectives and Tasks ............................................................................................................... 9 2 Simulation of Flooding and Inundation Induced by Sandy and Sea Level Rise ...................... 9 2.1. Model Descriptions .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 CCHE2D-Coast for Storm-Surge Modeling .............................................................. 10 2.1.2 A Cyclonic Wind-Pressure Model with Landfall Decay Effect ................................. 12 2.1.3 Construction of 2D Wind Field with Decay Effect................................................... 14 2.2 Data Gathering ............................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Track of Hurricane Sandy ........................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Geospatial Data ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Meteorological Data ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Hydrological Data (Storm Surges, Tide Levels, Waves, etc) ................................... 20 2.3 Hindcasting Storm Surges and Waves in Hurricane Sandy in the US East Coast ........... 22 2.3.1 Computational Domain and Mesh Generation ...................................................... 22 2.3.2 Computational Conditions ...................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Simulation results of cyclonic wind fields, surge tides, and waves ........................ 24 2.4 Hindcasting Flood and Inundation in Sandy in the Local Areas of Hackensack ............. 40 2.4.1 Computational Domain, geospatial data, and Mesh Generation ........................... 40 2.4.2 Computational Conditions ...................................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Hindcasting Simulation Results ............................................................................... 47 3 Impact Assessment of Structure Measures .......................................................................... 54 3.1 Structure Measures for Flood Prevention in the Hackensack Area ............................... 54 3.2 Conditions of Extreme Storm and Sea Level Rise .......................................................... 55 2 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 57 3.3.1 With the current sea level (SLR = 0.0) ..................................................................... 57 3.3.2 SLR = 9.6 inches ....................................................................................................... 62 3.3.3 SLR = 37.6 inches ..................................................................................................... 66 3.4 Remarks .......................................................................................................................... 70 4 Simulation of Contaminant Leaching during Hurricane Sandy ............................................. 74 4.1 Leaching Site ................................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Computational Conditions ............................................................................................. 76 4.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 77 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 79 6 References ............................................................................................................................ 80 3 Table of Figures Figure 1 Flow chart of the integrated wind-storm-surge model .................................................. 11 Figure 2 Comparisons of wind speed (a) and central air pressure (b). The observation data are from the best track of Hurricane Sandy (2012) by NOAA. ........................................................... 16 Figure 3 Best track of Hurricane Sandy, Oct. 22-29, 2012 (Blake et al. 2013) .............................. 17 Figure 4 Maximum sustained surface wind (left) at 1330 UTC 10/25/2012 after its first landfall in Cuba, and (b) at 1930 UTC 10/29/2012 before its landfall at the New Jersey Coast ............... 19 Figure 5 Computational domain and Bathymetry and Topography of the US East Coast ........... 22 Figure 6 Computational grid in the New York and New Jersey Coasts ......................................... 23 Figure 7 Comparison of wind speed at four NOAA gages ............................................................ 26 Figure 8 Snapshots of water levels and wind fields around the landfall of Sandy (the black solid line indicates the best track of Sandy) .......................................................................................... 27 Figure 9 Computed maximum water surface elevations above NAVD88 over the entire computational domain.................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 10 Close-up view of the computed maximum water levels in a region from North Carolina to Massachusetts .......................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 11 Maximum water elevations in the coasts of New York and New Jersey ...................... 29 Figure 12 Locations of tide gages in the U.S. East Coast monitored by NOAA-CO-OPS ............... 30 Figure 13 Comparisons of Hurricane Sandy peak storm-tide data recorded at NOAA tide gages30 Figure 14 Locations of high water mark data collected and surveyed by U.S. Geological Survey following the passage of Hurricane Sandy (USGS 2013) .............................................................. 32 Figure 15 Comparisons of high water marks in the coasts of New York and New Jersey above NAVD88 observed by USGS (R2 = 0.7293) ..................................................................................... 32 Figure 16 Comparisons of water elevations at eight selected NOAA tide gages ......................... 34 Figure 17 Computed significant wave heights and mean directions in the Atlantic Ocean and the East Coast ............................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 18 Computed maximum significant wave height in the US East Coast ............................. 37 4 Figure 19 Maximum significant wave height in the East Coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 20 (a) Maximum significant wave height and mean direction, (b) maximum significant wave period in the coasts of New York and New Jersey .............................................................. 38 Figure 21 Comparisons of significant wave heights and peak periods at the NOAA’s NDBC 44065 buoy. ............................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 22 Comparison of wave spectral energy at NDBC 44009 at 1000 UTC 20/29/2012 ......... 39 Figure 23 Computational domain covering the Hackensack area in the northeast New Jersey .. 40 Figure 24 Processed topographic-bathymetry data used for mesh generation .......................... 41 Figure 25 Detailed view of the processed topographic-bathymetry data used for mesh generation. The dots are the bathymatrical data points in the ADCIRC depth grid .................... 42 Figure 26 Bed elevations above NAVD88 in the generated mesh shown in the CCHE-MESH GUI (Mesh Size= 2071×1104=2,286,384) ............................................................................................ 43 Figure 27 Close-up view of the computational grid around the Moonachie area: Non-orthogonal mesh with spatially-varying resolution: highest resolution < 1.0m ............................................. 43 Figure 28 Water surface elevations above MSL during the period of Hurricane Sandy at the NOAA tide gage no. 8519483 at Begen