Japhet Killewo is an emeritus professor of Epidemiology JAPHET KILLEWO at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences OHCEA TANZANIA in Tanzania. He is currently Focal Person (Human Health) of the One Health East and Central Africa (OHCEA) Network which has its headquarters in Kampala, Uganda. As a teacher and researcher his interests are in communicable and non-communicable diseases and One Health Training reproductive health. During 1999 to 2003 he worked with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh monitoring and evaluating reproductive Manual health interventions in a health and demographic surveillance system. Since 2010 JK has been involved in initiating an urban based health ONE HEAL Lecture Notes and Materials and demographic surveillance system in Tanzania where more than 100,000 residents of all ages are being followed up for in- and out-migration, vital events, socio-economic Editors: status and food insecurity issues. The population is also being followed up for non- JAPHET KILLEWO and ROBINSON MDEGELA communicable diseases of various kinds. JK has published widely in local as well as inter- national journals and has written chapters in books and edited a section in the Inter- T H national Encyclopaedia of Public Health. T RAI Prof. Robinson Mdegela, is a Veterinarian with MSc in N Veterinary Microbiology and PhD in Toxicology with an IN experience of working with Public Universities since 1999. G Prof. Mdegela, is an active researcher in Ecosystem and MAN One Health with extensives publication in peer-reviewed scientic journals. Prof. Mdegela has been involved in U development, management and implementation of AL Dar es Salaam collaborative research and development projects suppor- Morogoro Tanzania September 2018 ted by the Government of Tanzania and by multinational development partners. He is a University Focal Person for One Health Central and East Africa (OHCEA) ROBINSON MDEGELA representing Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). While working with OHCEA, Prof. Mdegela was among the founders of One Health Networks in Tanzania that led to the formation of the National One Health Coordination Desk under the Prime Ministers Oce, Department of Disaster Management. Moreover, he is the Vice Chairperson for Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP), and a member of Technical Working Groups for National Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance in Tanzania. ISBN: 978-9976-59-313-5 M U H I M B I L I U N IVE R S I T Y OF H E A L T H A N D A LLI E D S C I E N C E S S O K O I N E U N I V E R S I TY O F A GRIC U L T U R E One Health Training Manual, 2018 Lecture Notes and Materials Editors: Japhet Killewo and Robinson Mdegela Dar es Salaam Morogoro Tanzania September, 2018 MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES SOKOINE UNIVERSITY O F AGRICULTURE One Health Training Manual, 2018 Copyright These Lecture notes and materials are the property of the One Health Workforce Project of OHCEA in Tanzania which is represented by the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Morogoro, Tanzania. The materials were adopted from those developed earlier at regional level in OHCEA with contributions from the OHCEA network including partners from Tufts University and University of Minnesota in USA. The corresponding Power-point slides have not been included in the book but are available at MUHAS and SUA for use in conjunction with this set of lecture notes and materials by all One Health stakeholders. The book is not copyrighted and therefore may be reproduced in any form in full or in part, for private study, research, critical scholarly review or discourse without written permission as long as it is used to strengthen the One Health Workforce. Acknowledgements should be directed to OHCEA and USAID. Hard copies as well as soft copies of the book may be available on request from the OHCEA Focal persons in Tanzania. Disclaimer This manual is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the OHCEA network under the Emerging Pandemic Threats 2 and One Health Workforce Project and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. USAID reserves a royalty-free nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to use the work for Government purposes. ISBN: 978-9976-59-313-5 ii List of Contributors and their affiliations The following have significantly contributed to the chapters in this manual. Several workshops were held to develop and write the chapters during the 3rd and 4th Years of the One Health Workforce project. The chapters in the manual have been written using a One Health approach. Ernatus, M Mdegela, R. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture Sokoine University of Agriculture Gasto, F. Mizinduko M. Department of Development Studies, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences School of Public Health and Social Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Sciences Kakoko, D. Mohamed H. Department of Behavioural Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences School of Public Health and Social Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Sciences Kessy, A. Mwangu, M. Department of Community Health, Department of Development Studies, School of Public Health and Social Sciences School of Public Health and Social Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Sciences Killewo, J. Ngasala, B. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Parasitology and Medical School of Public Health and Social Sciences Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied School of Public Health and Social Sciences Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Komba, E. Sciences Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Nyamuhanga, T. Health, Department of Development Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical School of Public Health and Social Sciences Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sokoine University of Agriculture Sciences Mamuya S. Nonga, H. Department of Environmental Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public School of Public Health and Social Sciences Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture iii Semakafu, A. Tarimo, D. Department of Development Studies, Department of Parasitology and Medical School of Public Health and Social Sciences Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied School of Public Health and Social Sciences Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Urassa, D. Semali, I. Department of Community Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Social Sciences School of Public Health and Social Sciences Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Sciences iv Acknowledgements The accomplishment to publish this manual would not have been possible without the devoted cooperation and expertise of many individuals and institutions in the OHCEA family. Although it is not easy to mention all the individuals and institutions that took part in the development of this guide, the Principal of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of SUA and the Dean of the School of Public Health and Social Sciences of MUHAS wish to express their sincere acknowledgement first, to the contributors of the various chapters in the manual, special thanks to OHCEA for their leadership and USAID for the financial support to the OHW project which gave rise to development of the manual. Lastly, the Principal and the Dean of SUA and MUHAS respectively would like to thank the editors, Prof. Japhet Killewo of MUHAS and Prof. Robinson Mdegela of SUA for putting this manual together and also wish to give special mention to Dr. Deodatus Kakoko, Dr. Hezron Nonga and Dr. Mucho Mizinduko for assisting the editors in refining and compiling the document. They also wish to thank Mr. Ulimbaga Kajobile and Mr. Titus Tibenda for their administrative roles in the project. The complete list of the individuals who contributed to the manual is given in the section on “list of contributors”. Recommended citation of this manual One Health Training Manual: Lecture Notes and Materials (2018). Eds. Killewo J, Mdegela R, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. v Foreword One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) is a network of schools of public health and veterinary higher education institutions that are located in countries of the Eastern and Central Africa region, a region that includes the Congo Basin commonly considered to be one of the “Hot Spots” for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The vision of the OHCEA network is to be a global leader in One Health, promoting sustainable health for prosperous communities, productive animals and balanced ecosystems. MUHAS and SUA are founder members of the OHCEA network which has earned a 5 year grant to implement a One Health Workforce project from 2015-2019. The project is funded by USAID. Although the term "One Health" is fairly new, the concept has long been recognized nationally, regionally and globally by many pioneers in public health and veterinary medicine. Since the 1800s, scientists have noted the similarity in disease processes among animals and humans, although human and animal medicine has been practiced separately until the 20th century.