REFORMED THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY A JUST WAR RESPONSE TO THE 11 SEPTEMBER 2001 TERRORIST ATTACK AN INTEGRATIVE THESIS SUBMITTED TO DR. HAROLD O.J. BROWN IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY DALE M. COURTNEY MOSCOW, IDAHO NOVEMBER, 2002 Copyright © 2002 by Dale Courtney All rights reserved iii There is no avoiding war; it can only be postponed to the advantage of others. Niccolo Machiavelli v Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 13 Background................................................................................................................... 13 Motivation..................................................................................................................... 14 Research Questions....................................................................................................... 15 Methodology................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2: Chronology of Events ..................................................................................... 17 Historical Chain of Events............................................................................................ 17 Factual Background .................................................................................................. 17 Signs.......................................................................................................................... 18 Extrapolating the Historical Events .............................................................................. 20 Background............................................................................................................... 20 Borders and Ports...................................................................................................... 23 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3: Systematic Theology—Anthropology ............................................................ 25 Introduction................................................................................................................... 25 The Source of War........................................................................................................ 27 Biblical Response to War.............................................................................................. 30 Categorical Pacifism ................................................................................................. 30 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4: Biblical Studies ............................................................................................... 37 Introduction................................................................................................................... 37 Just War ........................................................................................................................ 37 jus ad bellum (The Right to go to War) .................................................................... 37 jus in bello (Justice in War) ...................................................................................... 40 Constituting the Militia............................................................................................. 41 Fighting The War...................................................................................................... 46 Holy War............................................................................................................... 47 Cities Not Under the Ban...................................................................................... 48 Siege Warfare.................................................................................................... 49 Subterfuge, Deceit, and Stratagems.................................................................. 49 Defensive Warfare ........................................................................................................ 50 Biblical Jurisdictions................................................................................................. 51 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 5: Church History................................................................................................ 53 Background................................................................................................................... 53 Cicero (Marcus Tullius) (106-43 BC)........................................................................... 55 Augustine of Hippo (356-430)...................................................................................... 56 Introduction to Augustine’s Thought........................................................................ 56 Just Cause.................................................................................................................. 59 Right Intention .......................................................................................................... 60 Legitimate Authority................................................................................................. 62 Formal Declaration ................................................................................................... 63 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................... 63 Conclusions about Augustine ................................................................................... 63 vii Gratian (fl. 1140-ca. 1170)............................................................................................ 64 Rufinus the Canonist (ca. 1150-1191) .......................................................................... 65 Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) ...................................................................................... 65 Whether Fighting In War Is Always a Sin................................................................ 66 Whether Any War Is Lawful..................................................................................... 67 The Authority to Wage War ..................................................................................... 68 When a Just Cause Is Required................................................................................. 70 The Right Intention of Those Fighting ..................................................................... 70 The Right Means....................................................................................................... 72 Laying Ambush......................................................................................................... 73 Conclusions about Aquinas....................................................................................... 74 John Wyclif (ca. 1330-1384) ........................................................................................ 75 Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536).................................................................................. 76 Martin Luther (1483-1546)........................................................................................... 78 Francisco de Vitoria (ca 1483-1546) ............................................................................ 79 John Calvin (1509-1564) .............................................................................................. 81 Right Intention .......................................................................................................... 81 Just Cause.................................................................................................................. 82 jus in bello................................................................................................................. 85 Conclusions about Calvin ......................................................................................... 86 Francisco Suárez (1548-1617) ...................................................................................... 86 Categorical Passivism ............................................................................................... 87 Offensive War........................................................................................................... 87 Just War Conditions.................................................................................................. 88 Just Cause.............................................................................................................. 88 Legitimate Authority............................................................................................. 89 Confidence of success....................................................................................... 90 Conducting war properly and fairly...................................................................... 91 Damages for Restitution and Punishment......................................................... 92 Noncombatant Immunity .................................................................................. 92 Hugo Grotius (1583-1646)............................................................................................ 93 Categorical