IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη , "Tarchaneiotes family", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9245> Περίληψη : Prominent family of the Byzantine court, which emerged in the years of Basil II (963/976-1025). They thrived from the 13th century onwards, with several members of the family holding senior, mainly military, positions. There were intermarriages with the imperial Komnenos and Palaiologos families and the noble families of Bryennios, Doukas, Branas, Kourtikes and Philanthropenos. Their trace was lost after the 17th century. Άλλα Ονόματα Tarchaniotes, Trachaneiotes, Trachaniates, Tarchoniates Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Before the late 10th century, Thrace (late 10th c., Italy) Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου After the 17th century, Russia Κύρια Ιδιότητα Aristocrats 1. The Family The Tarchaneiotes family, whose name probably derives from their birthplace, the settlement of Tarchaneion near Kypsela, Thrace,1 emerged in the historical scene during the reign of Basil II (963/976-1025). They held senior offices in the administration and at times served as military commanders, thus playing an active role in the political and military matters of the Byzantine state. They were active mainly in the western part of the Empire, especially Macedonia and Italy. 2. Famous Members in the Battlefield (10th-11th c.) In 999 Gregory Tarchaneiotes, in his capacity as the katepano of Italy, turned the Saracens successfully out of the country, while shortly later Basil Tarchaneiotes was awarded the title of magister militum of the West. Other members of the family activated in the East, such as Joseph Tarchaneiotes, who in 1071 accompanied Romanos IV (Diogenes) (1068-1071) in his campaign against the Seljuks in Armenia and later became doukas of Antioch. 3. Intermarriages In the 11th century the social position of the Tarchaneiotes family improved thanks to intermarriages with the Bryennios and later the Komnenos families. However, during the reign of the Komnenos family (1081-1183) they were not given key positions, with the exception of John Tarchaneiotes, who was awarded the title of the protos of the Athonite, the highest ecclesiastical office a member of the family had ever been awarded, and another John Tarchaneiotes, who was awarded the title of protoproedros. The family thrived in the 13th century after the intermarriage with the Palaiologos family, when the megas domestikos Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes by order of John III Doukas Vatatzes (1222-1254) got married to Maria Palaiologina, the elder sister of Michael Palaiologos, the subsequent Michael VIII (1258-1261: Nicaea / 1261-1282: Constantinople). The Tarchaneiotes family was going to be among the most eminent aristocratic families and possessed vast landed properties in the region of Smyrna.2 In the same period the protostrator Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes got married to Maria Doukaina Komnene Branaina Palaiologina. 4. Famous Members in the Battlefield (13th-14th c.) Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/10/2021 Σελίδα 1/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη , "Tarchaneiotes family", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9245> In the years of the Palaiologos dynasty (1261-1453) the Tarchaneiotes family still held senior positions and titles, thus offering their services to the empire. Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes fought under Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261-1282) and Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282-1328) against the Bulgarians, the Serbs and the Anjou. John Tarchaneiotes, the son of the megas domestikos Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes, although a leading figure of the Arsenite movement, led a campaign against the Ottomans in Asia Minor in 1298. Asia Minor was the territory where the pinkernesAlexios Doukas Philanthropenos activated later; he was John’s nephew and the usurper to the throne of Andronikos II Palaiologos. 5. Relations with the Imperial Power In the years of Michael VIII and Andronikos II some members of the Tarchaneiotes family, who belonged to the Arsenite party, disputed with the central administration, faced serious accusations and were imprisoned. In 1347 John VI Kantakouzenos (1347-1354), the great-grandson of Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes, ascended the throne of the Byzantine Empire following a hard struggle. He was joined by several members of the Tarchaneiotes family, such as Manuel Kourtikes Tarchaneiotes, one of his loyal companions during the turbulent period of the civil war (1341-1347), and protostrator Constantine Tarchaneiotes, who led the Byzantine troops during the battle against the Genoese of Galata on July 28, 1351. When John VI Kantakouzenos lost his throne the Tarchaneiotes family continued playing a key role in the Empire, still holding senior positions. 6. Notable Members in Italy and Russia After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 some members of the Tarchaneiotes family fled to the West. The scholar Paulos Tarchaneiotes and his nephew Michael Maroullos Tarchaneiotes, who excelled as a poet, as well as the historian John Tarchaneiotes activated in Italy shortly later. In the same period other members of the family went to Russia, where they held key positions. George Tarchaneiotes was a distinguished diplomat under the sovereign of Russia John III (1458-1505), while his brother Demetrios and his nephew George were awarded the title of boyar under Zoe-Sophia Palaiologina, John III’s wife. Their descendants held senior positions in the Russian court until the 17th century, but from then onwards no further information is provided about the family. 1. Moravcsik believes that the name Tarchaneiotes comes from the Türkmen word tarquan (blacksmith) or the Bulgarian office of tarkanos; see Moravcsik, G., Byzantinoturkika II (Berlin 1958), pp. 299-300. According to Cahen, the Tarchaneiotes family was descended from Georgia; see Cahen, C., “La campagne de Mantzikert d’après les sources musulmanes”, Byzantion 9 (1934), pp. 630-631; see also Άμαντος, Κ., “Σύμμεικτα: Πόθεν το όνομα Ταρχανειώτης”, Ελληνικά 2 (1929), pp. 435-436. 2. The Tarchaneiotes family is mentioned in the historical work of George Pachymeres: Bekker, Ι. (ed.), Georgii Pachymeres de Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis libri trecedim 1 (CSHB, Bonn 1835), p. 21. Βιβλιογραφία : Polemis D., The Doukai. A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, London 1968, University of London Historical Studies 22 Ahrweiler H., "L’histoire et la géographie de la région de Smyrne entre les deux occupations turques (1081- 1317), particulièrement au XIIie siècle", Travaux et Mémoires, 1, 1965, 1-204 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 2/10/2021 Σελίδα 2/5 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη , "Tarchaneiotes family", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9245> Moravcsik G., Byzantinoturcica II: Sprachreste der Turkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen, 2nd ed., Berlin 1958, Berliner Byzantinische Arbeiten, no 11 Leontiades I.G., Die Tarchaneiotai. Eine prosopographisch-sigillographische Studie, Θεσσαλονίκη 1998, Bυζαντινά κείμενα και Mελέται αρ. 27 Cahen C., "La campagne de Mantzikert d'après les sources musulmanes", Byzantion, 9, 1934, 613-642 Kazhdan A., "Tarchaneiotes", Kazhdan, A. (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3, Oxford – New York 1991, 2011-2012 Leontiades I.G., "Ταρχανειώτης", Trapp, E. – Beyer, H. – Leontiades, I. (eds), Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, 11, Wien 1911, 173-178, αρ. 27463-27511 Άμαντος Κ., "Σύμμεικτα: Πόθεν το όνομα Ταρχανειώτης", Ελληνικά, 2, 1929, 435-436 "Φιλανθρωπηνός, Αλέξιος Δούκας, Ανδρόνικος Ταρχανειώτης", Trapp, E. – Beyer, H. – Leontiades, I., Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, 12, Wien 1994, 91-93, αρ. 29751-29752, 29754 Talbot A.M., Cutler A., "Glavas, Michael Tarchaneiotes", Kazhdan, A. (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2, Oxford – New York 1991, 852 Δικτυογραφία : Joseph Tarchaniotes http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/1023726 Symposium on Late Byzantine Thessaloniki http://www.doaks.org/publications/doaks_online_publications/DOP57/DP57ch10.pdf Γλωσσάριo : arsenitai Followers and supporters of patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos, who had excommunicated Michael VIII Palaiologos. Michael managed to get rid of Arsenios in 1265; from that time, Arsenios’followers were at odds with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, refusing to recognize Arsenios’ successors to the patriarchal throne. Politically they supported the Lascarid dynasty and opposed the dynasty of the Palaiologoi. The dispute was resolved in 1310. boyar Title of the select members of the Slavic nations'aristocracy. In Russia the boyars composed an advisory committee (duma) that controlled the state's issues during periods of transition, dynastic discords or decline of the central authorities. doukas (lat. dux) Antiquity: Roman military commander who, in some provinces, combined military and civil functions. Buzantium: a higher military officer. From the second half of the 10th c. the title indicates the military comander of a larger district. After the 12th c., doukes were called the governors of small themes. katepano (from "epano","above") Governor of a katepania. Title that from the end of the 10th century characterized the commanders of large provinces as Italy or Mesopotamia and from