National Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Fiscal Year 1994 United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-356 NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION, FISCAL YEAR 1994_________ Compiled by MARTHA L. NICHOLS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 95-356 RESTON, VIRGINIA 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this pubHcation is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Chief, Office of Hydrologic Research U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 436 National Center Open-File Reports Section 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Federal Center, Box 25046 Reston, Virginia 22092 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................... 1 Background ............................................... 1 Organization of the National Research Program ......................... 2 Technology Transfer ......................................... 5 Research Disciplines and Projects .................................. 7 Ecology ............................................... 7 CR 84-286 Interactions Between Organic Solutes and Trace Metals in Natural Waters, and Their Ecological Role .............. 8 Diane M. McKnight, Project Chief CR 85-293 The Role of Chemical Fluxes in the Biogeochemistry of Inland Surface Waters, Including Lakes, Reservoirs, and Wetlands .................................. "13 James W. LaBaugh, Project Chief CR 86-295 Microbial Transformation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquatic Environments ........................... 15 Richard L. Smith, Project Chief CR 91-320 Characterization of Biotic and Biogeochemical Interactions at Environmental Interfaces ........................ 20 Robert G. Striegl, Project Chief CR 90-323 Interdisciplinary Research Initiative (IRI) at the Shingobee Headwaters Research Area, Minnesota ................. 23 Thomas C. Winter, Project Chief CR 91-325 Limnological Phenomena in Impounded Rivers ............ 26 G. Richard Marzolf, Project Chief CR 91-327 Interaction of Bacteria with Environmental Contaminants and Solid Surfaces in the Aquatic Environment ............ 29 Ronald W. Harvey, Project Chief CR 92-337 Effects of Toxic Substances on Aquatic Communities ........ 34 Harry V. Leland, Project Chief CONTENTS NR 73-090 Remote Sensing and Ecological Research in Wetlands ........ 36 Virginia P. Carter, Project Chief NR 87-136 Modeling of Microbially Catalyzed Geochemical Reactions in Aquatic Environments .......................... 41 Derek R. Lovley, Project Chief NR 90-145 Vegetation and Hydrogeomorphic Relations .............. 46 Cliff R. Hupp, Project Chief WR 68-046 Geochemistry of Riverine and Estuarine Waters ........... 50 David H. Peterson, Project Chief WR 71-068 Fate of Organic Chemicals in Subsurface Environments ....... 55 Edward M. Godsy, Project Chief WR 75-125 Availability of Trace Elements in Sediments to Aquatic Organisms .................................. 58 Samuel N. Luoma, Project Chief WR 76-145 Biotic Response to Climatic Variability and Human Impacts in Arid Lands ................................ 63 Julio L. Betancourt, Project Chief WR 79-164 Plankton Dynamics in Tidal Estuaries .................. 71 James E. Cloern, Project Chief WR 81-174 Microbial Biogeochemistry of Aquatic Environments ......... 76 Ronald S. Oremland, Project Chief WR 84-186 Biotic Interface with Fluvial Transport: Processes Associated with Dissolved Solutes in Transport ................... 80 Frank J. Triska, Project Chief WR 86-190 Solute Transport Involving Biological Processes in Surface Waters ..................................... 84 James S. Kuwabara, Project Chief WR 86-192 Environmental Influences on Estuarine Benthic Community Dynamics ................................... 87 Frederic H. Nichols, Project Chief II NATIONAL RESEARCH SUMMARY 1994 Geomorphology and Sediment Transport ........................... 91 CR 75-102 Movement and Storage of Sediment in River Systems ........ 92 Robert H. Meade, Project Chief CR 65-105 Effects of Water and Sediment Discharges on Channel Morphology ................................. 94 Garnett P. Williams, Project Chief CR74-187 Hydraulics and Mechanics of Bedload-Transport Processes ..... 96 William W. Emmett, Project Chief CR 82-273 River Mechanics ............................... 99 Edmund D. Andrews, Project Chief CR 87-309 Sediment-Transported Pollutants in the Mississippi River ...... 103 Robert H. Meade, Jr., Project Chief CR 91-324 Applications of Fluid and Sediment Mechanics to Basin and Regional Scale Hydrologic and Geomorphic Problems ........ 108 /. Dungan Smith, Project Chief WR 89-200 Response of Fluvial Systems to Climatic Variability ......... 112 Robert H. Webb, Project Chief WR 79-311 Sediment Impacts from Disturbed and Undisturbed Lands ...... 116 Waite R. Osterkamp, Project Chief Ground-Water Chemistry ..................................... 119 CR 82-207 Arid Regions Climate and Chemistry .................. 120 Larry V. Benson, Project Chief CR 82-276 Geochemistry of Clay-Water Reactions ................. 123 Dennis D. Eberl, Project Chief CR 83-283 Environmental Dynamics of Persistent Organic Compounds ..... 126 Cary T. Chiou, Project Chief CR 89-318 Reaction-Transport Modeling in Ground-Water systems ....... 130 David L. Parkhurst, Project Chief CONTENTS in CR 92-326 Chemical Modeling and Thermodynamic Data Evaluation of Major and Trace Elements in Acid Mine Waters and Ground Waters ................................ 133 Darrell K. Nordstrom, Project Chief CR 79-336 Chemical Models of Natural Systems .................. 137 Donald C. Thorstenson, Project Chief NR 69-020 Mineral-Water Interaction in Saline Environments .......... 139 Blair F. Jones, Project Chief NR 57-034 Spatial Distribution of Chemical Constituents in Ground Water ..................................... 143 William Back, Project Chief NR 74-041 Interface of Paleoclimatology and Aquifer Geochemistry ...... 147 Isaac J. Winograd, Project Chief NR 76-056 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Chemical Evolution in Ground-Water Systems ........................... 150 L. Niel Plummer, Project Chief NR 75-064 Physical Chemistry of Stable Isotope Fractionation in Hydrologic Processes ............................ 159 Tyler B. Coplen, Project Chief NR 78-092 Hydrogeochemical Controls on the Migration of Radionuclides from Uranium Mill Tailings ........................ 166 Edward R. Landa, Project Chief NR 81-122 Dispersion of Toxic and Radioactive Wastes in Ground-Water Systems .................................... 169 Warren W. Wood, Project Chief NR 83-129 Comparative Study of Organic Degradation in Selected Hydrogeologic Environments ....................... 173 Mary Jo Baedecker, Project Chief NR 79-132 Relationship Between Chemical Quality of Natural Waters and Human Health and Disease ...................... 177 Gerald L. Feder, Project Chief IV NATIONAL RESEARCH SUMMARY 1994 NR 82-138 Uranium-Thorium Series Radioisotopes in Ground-Water and Surface-Water Systems ........................... 179 Thomas F. Kraemer, Project Chief NR 91-151 Transport and Biogeochemical Fate of Organic Substances in Aquatic Environments .......................... 181 Robert P. Eganhouse, Project Chief WR 68-036 Factors Determining Solute Transfer in the Unsaturated Zone ...................................... 184 Ronald V. James, Project Chief WR 70-065 Partitioning of Solutes between Solid and Aqueous Phases ..... 186 James A. Davis, HI, Project Chief WR 91-080 Stable Isotope Tracers of Biogeochemical and Hydrologic Processes ................................... 193 Carol Kendall, Project Chief WR 76-139 Geochemistry of Water in Fine Grained Sediments .......... 199 YousifK. Kharaka, Project Chief WR 79-165 Chemical and Isotope Studies of Thermal Waters of the Western United States ........................... 203 Robert H. Mariner, Project Chief WR 84-189 Chemistry of Aquatic Organic Matter .................. 207 Donald F. Goerlitz, Project Chief WR 88-196 Geochemical Reactions Between Water and Mineral Substrates ... 210 Arthur F. White, Project Chief Ground-Water Hydrology .................................... 217 CR 73-085 The Mathematical Simulation of the Transport and Reaction of Chemical Species in Ground Water .................. 218 David B. Grove, Project Chief CR 74-090 The Role of Lakes in the Hydrologic System, with Emphasis on Their Relation to Ground Water ................... 220 Thomas C. Winter, Project Chief CONTENTS V CR 64-140 Borehole Geophysics as Applied to Geohydrology .......... 224 Frederick L. Paillet, Project Chief CR 76-191 Mathematical Simulation of Subsurface-Water Flow Using Uncertain and Incomplete Data ...................... 231 Richard L. Cooley, Project Chief CR 69-200 Field Applications of Unsaturated Zone Flow Theory ........ 236 Edwin P. Weeks, Project Chief i CR 85-292 Ground-Water Solute-Transport Simulation ............... 242 Kenneth L. Kipp, Project Chief CR 90-319 Application of Stochastic Processes in Hydrogeology ......... 246 Richard L. Naff, Project Chief NR 81-035 Hydrologic Behavior of Cretaceous Shales ............... 249 Christopher E. Neuril, Project Chief NR 78-089 Investigations of Single and Multiphase Fluid Flow, Mass and