Code of Practice for Cost-Effective Boreholes Zambia: Country Status – July 2009 Tom Armstrong Final Report 1st November 2009 1 RWSN - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BOREHOLES: ZAMBIA COUNTRY STATUS REPORT 2009 Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 2 The Meaning of “Cost Effective” ....................................................................................................................2 3 Summary of Borehole Costs and Prices ..........................................................................................................3 4 Principles of Code of Practice for Cost Effective Boreholes ...........................................................................4 4.1 Who Drills? (C11) ....................................................................................................................................4 4.1.1 Department of Water Affairs ..........................................................................................................4 4.1.2 Private Sector Drillers .....................................................................................................................5 4.2 Procurement (Zambia Guidelines C10, C11) ..........................................................................................6 4.2.1 Alignment of Tender Procedures....................................................................................................6 4.2.2 Drilling Contractor ..........................................................................................................................6 4.2.3 Simple Contracts .............................................................................................................................6 4.2.4 Tender Meeting ..............................................................................................................................6 4.2.5 Roll-over Packages ..........................................................................................................................7 4.2.6 Defects Liability ..............................................................................................................................7 4.2.7 Materials .........................................................................................................................................7 4.3 Contract Management, Supervision and Payment (Zambia Guidelines C10 & C11)..............................8 4.3.1 Dealing with the Drilling Contractor ...............................................................................................8 4.3.2 Supervision .....................................................................................................................................8 4.4 Borehole Siting (Zambia Guidelines C1, C2, C3) .....................................................................................9 4.4.1 Community Preference on Site Location Selection ........................................................................9 4.4.2 Categorisation of Risk .................................................................................................................. 10 4.5 Borehole Design and Construction (Zambia Guidelines C4) ................................................................ 11 4.5.1 Geology and Hydro-geology of Zambia (Zambia Guidelines C1) ................................................. 11 4.5.2 Boreholes in Small Grain “Kalahari” Sands .................................................................................. 11 4.5.3 Borehole Casing Diameters ......................................................................................................... 12 4.5.4 Borehole drilled diameter ........................................................................................................... 12 4.5.5 Gravel Pack Placement, Filter Socks, Centralisers and Verticality ............................................... 13 4.6 Drilling Technology (Zambia Guidelines C4) ........................................................................................ 14 4.6.1 Rig Selection ................................................................................................................................ 14 4.6.2 Light Rig Demonstration .............................................................................................................. 15 4.7 Well Development and Test Pumping Requirements (Zambia Guidelines C5) ................................... 15 ii RWSN - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BOREHOLES: ZAMBIA COUNTRY STATUS REPORT 2009 4.7.1 Appropriate Specification ............................................................................................................ 15 4.8 Data (Zambia Guidelines C11) ............................................................................................................. 16 4.8.1 Completion Reports ..................................................................................................................... 16 4.9 Record Keeping (Zambia Guidelines C11) ........................................................................................... 16 4.10 Reporting (Zambia Guidelines C11) ..................................................................................................... 17 5 Additional Principles to Build a Healthy Drilling Sector ............................................................................... 17 5.1 Avoid Subsidised drilling operations ................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Support formation of Drillers Association ........................................................................................... 17 5.3 Hand-dug well rehabilitation ............................................................................................................... 18 5.4 Involvement of Urban Water Facility in Hand-pump maintenance .................................................... 18 5.5 Hydro-fracturing .................................................................................................................................. 18 6 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix 1: Terms of Reference ......................................................................................................................... 21 Appendix 2: International Consultants Itinerary ................................................................................................. 27 Appendix 3 Zambian Geology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................................... 28 Appendix 3.1 Hydro-geology and Geology of Zambia ............................................................................... 28 Appendix 3.2 Geology of Zambia ............................................................................................................... 31 Appendix 3.3 Hydro-geology of Zambia – Aquifer Types .......................................................................... 32 Appendix 4 Existing Guidelines for Drilling and Groundwater Development ..................................................... 33 Appendix 4.1 Department of Water Affairs: Guidelines and Procedures for Borehole Drilling and Groundwater Data Collection (proposed) ....................................................................................................... 33 Appendix 4.2 Drilling Completion Report (COWI-DANIDA) ....................................................................... 36 Appendix 5 Proposed structure of guideline to standard procedures for design and construction of protected water points......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix 6 PAT: 4inch and 2inch Cased Boreholes........................................................................................ 42 List of Abbreviations BoQ Bills of Quantity COP Code of Practice for Cost-Effective Boreholes EIA Environmental Impact Assessment DWA Department of Water Affairs MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing PHCU Public Health Care Units SADC Southern African Development Community iii RWSN - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BOREHOLES: ZAMBIA COUNTRY STATUS REPORT 2009 Executive Summary Introduction It is recognised that drilling interventions vary widely both nationally and internationally and are not always cost-effective. The objective of this consultancy is to identify and set out key procedures for cost-effective boreholes as appropriate for Zambia. This is the report of the international consultant, Tom Armstrong, who visited Zambia for 18 days from late June to mid July to analyse borehole cost-effectiveness in Zambia. Context The National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, (NRWSSP) in Zambia intends to construct over 10,000 new water points by 2015 of which UNICEF alone intends to construct 3,650 water points in the next five years. The Danish Government through Danida will also contribute a similar number. Boreholes in rural areas are normally drilled for handpump supplies. Drilling can take place for