1 Scholarly Communication and Open Access in Psychology: Current Considerations for Researchers Laura Bowering Mullen Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Author Note Laura Bowering Mullen, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Library of Science and Medicine Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Laura Bowering Mullen, Behavioral Sciences Librarian; Open Access Specialist, Rutgers University-New Brunswick Libraries, Library of Science and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854. Contact: [email protected] 2 Contents Scholarly Communication and Open Access in Psychology: Current Considerations for Researchers Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Recent History of Scholarly/Scientific Communication Specific to Psychology………… 8 Interdisciplinary Research and Collaboration in Psychology …………………….……… 9 Coauthorship and Assignment of Credit in Psychology Scholarship……………….…… 11 Information Overload and Inertia for Changing the Existing System…………....……… 14 Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for every Article and other Research Output….………. 16 An ORCID iD for every Researcher………………………………………………………. 17 The Growth of Open Access: A Boon for Authors, Readers, Researchers, and Institutions.18 Institutional Open Access Policies and the Institutional Repositories used for their Implementation…….…………….……………………………………………....……. ….. 20 Green Open Access: Strategies for Author Self-archiving of Works in Digital Repositories and other Services…………………………………………………………………………. 22 The Continuing Emergence of Preprints: Online Dissemination of Authors’ Originals…... 27 Subject or Disciplinary Repositories Available for Psychology Authors and Researchers... 33 Innovations in Peer Review and Open Peer Review: Examples from Psychology………... 40 The “Gold Road:” Open Access Journals and Psychology…………………….….………. 43 Subscription or Traditional Journal Publishing in Psychology……………………………. 45 Predatory Journals, Publishers and Conferences: A Growing Phenomenon, and the “Whitelists” that Assist Researchers with Vetting Journals……………………………………………... 51 Major Online Indexes for Open Access Journals and Articles in Psychology……………. 54 Open Access “Mega-Journals” (OAMJs) and their Significance to Scientific Communication in Psychology…………………………………………………………………………….…… 59 An Evolving Funder Environment Requiring More Open Access Compliance…………… 62 Open Access and Research/Citation Impact in Psychology……………………………...... 66 Replication and Reproducibility: Recent “Meta-research” Issues Important to Psychology.68 3 Open Research Practices for Psychological Science: Guidelines, Standards and Incentives for more Open Publication Practices in Psychology…………………………………………... 74 Publication Bias, Excess Success, Retractions and Preregistration of Studies in Psychology…………………………………………………………………………………. 77 Preregistration of Research Studies in Psychology…………………………………………79 Traditional Citation Metrics and the Journal Impact Factor in Psychology………………. 80 Another Popular Metric for Evaluation of Individual Researchers and even Journal Publications: the h-index…………………………………………………………………………………. 88 Scholarly Collaboration Networks: Featuring ResearchGate and Academia.edu…………. 90 Sharing Works Outside the “Formal” Scholarly Communication System, including the Sci-Hub Phenomenon………………………………………………………………………………... 94 More Public and Social Media Engagement for the Results of Research in Psychology…. 96 Author Submission of Work to Psychology Journals and the “In Person” Conference…… 100 Sustainability of the Societies: Will Open Access Harm the Societies that Serve Psychology? ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 102 The Role of Academic Libraries Today in Advancing Research and Scholarly Communication ………………………………………………………………………………………………103 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………. 106 References………………………………………………………………………………….. 109 4 Abstract Scholarly communication and open access practices in psychological science are rapidly evolving. However, most published works that focus on scholarly communication issues do not target the specific discipline, and instead take a more “one size fits all” approach. When it comes to scholarly communication, practices and traditions vary greatly across the disciplines. It is important to look at issues such as open access (of all types), reproducibility, research data management, citation metrics, the emergence of preprint options, the evolution of new peer review models, coauthorship conventions, and use of scholarly networking sites such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu from a disciplinary perspective. Important issues in scholarly publishing for psychology include uptake of authors’ use of open access megajournals, how open science is represented in psychology journals, challenges of interdisciplinarity, and how authors avail themselves of green and gold open access strategies. This overview presents a discipline- focused treatment of selected scholarly communication topics that will allow psychology researchers and others to get up to speed on this expansive topic. Further study into researcher behavior in terms of scholarly communication in psychology would create more understanding of existing culture as well as provide early career researchers with a more effective roadmap to the current landscape. As no other single work provides a study of scholarly communication and open access in psychology, this work aims to partially fill that niche. 5 Scholarly Communication and Open Access in Psychology: Current Considerations for Researchers Across the disciplines, scholarly communication is in a time of disruption and transition. It is important to understand the current landscape through a disciplinary lens, and from a stakeholder perspective. Whether researcher, author, librarian, or publisher, this is a fast moving time of rapid change, largely due to technological advances and the power and reach of the internet. In terms of psychology, some traditional aspects of scholarly publishing remain the same, while many others continue to evolve. Authors find themselves writing for the more global audience that the internet continues to enable. Sharing articles online with colleagues near and far has become part of research culture, and collaboration is now possible across and between institutions and countries. Publishers are adapting to a changing culture of scholarly sharing and networking that authors have come to expect from the internet culture. Universities want to take advantage of services that showcase the work of their authors, using new metrics and research information systems that demonstrate impact in an age of assessment. One major aspect of this new scholarly landscape is the phenomenon of open access. Open access has grown and become mainstream and many versions of a single article can exist in multiple institutional or subject repositories online. Readers find these early articles more easily discoverable via searching the popular Google Scholar, and by using new tools such as Unpaywall (http://unpaywall.org/), a free service that provides enhanced discoverability and access to available repository versions of subscription articles. (Chawla, 2017a) Alternately, the Open Access Button (https://openaccessbutton.org/) can assist readers unaffiliated with subscribing institutions in accessing the scholarly literature. The future of scholarly publishing is in some ways unclear, but it does include more open access of all types, enhanced collaboration, more online sharing of research results, and increasing accessibility to the data that underlies and supplements scholarly publications. Funders are increasingly mandating that authors and universities provide open access to the results of taxpayer funded research, even as there are fewer research dollars available than in the past. Research libraries are also undergoing seismic changes, and librarians are increasingly taking on consulting roles in scholarly communication and open access areas. In this complex environment, faculty, students and researchers may be seeking information on products, systems, new modes of publishing, and other strategies so that they may be able to take advantage of the myriad opportunities that the internet is providing to share the results of research. Communication of research findings to the public via the internet has become an expectation of funders, universities and readers, and psychological science has many opportunities to reach larger audiences of interested readers than in the days when print materials could be accessed on site in public research libraries or via interlibrary loan by request of the reader from their public libraries. The transformational move from print to electronic dissemination of research information was messy and chaotic at times, but at this point it can be said that most of the research level 6 journal literature in psychology has been moved to the online environment, accessed either free or via library or personal subscriptions on the internet. Many traditional aspects remain, such as the specific field differences in scholarly communication practices that continue on. The standards for scholarly communication in psychology will continue based on field traditions and transitions through evolutions in technology as well as various factors such as a continued emphasis on assessment of scholars and universities. The wheels of change turn slowly in the promotion and tenure systems and cultures of most universities, many of whom have adopted an “audit culture” that has added increasing pressure to a system