New York Science Journal 2015;8(5) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork The last designer and architect of Iranian contemporary literature (Modern poetry: Nima Yooshij) Hassan Rafiei PhD student in Persian language and literature, Yerevan public university, Armenia [email protected] Abstract: Literature and culture is one of the richest and most valuable legacies of each nation. Culture, civilization, and identity are considered as the community core, which have had indispensable and integral relationship with literature and literary and artistic works of every society. Reflection, illustration, and performance of these cores would be studied in the structural or content description and analysis of prose and verse literature work of the society’s writer and poets whom are addressing that society identity; thereby, lead to a better recognition of these writer and poets. Hence, since Nima Yooshij was a poet, storyteller, playwright, author and literary theorist and critic; we should have second thought when trying to represent his artistic figures; which has been under studied, and usually they look at the empty side of his ideas when they trying to recognize and introduce this literary myth; while the capacity of his ideas are tend to perfection and completion; and there are few vacancies there to be found; insofar as, he believed himself that: "I'm like a river that anyone can take amount to his ability from anywhere of it, without any struggle". Nima wasn’t a copytaker or borrower; he spoke about his own state and condition and in his own way. "I’m not working by borrowing/ only state my own condition in my own way". ("Njstam tʃɔɪn be kare arje saz/hæsbe hale khɔɪd næmajæm baz"). The highlight and key point of Nima’s theories is vision and perspective alteration. He has replaced objective views with subjective view in his works. [Hassan Rafiei. The last designer and architect of Iranian contemporary literature (Modern poetry: Nima Yooshij). N Y Sci J 2015;8(5):22-34]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5 Keywords: Nima’s vision, symbol, nature (essence), deviation, point of view 1. Introduction instruments? And in fact, what kind of art should be He’s a son of ancient hilltop and rainy land, addressed and internalized?” was: “Not so arbitrary soaring up through the dense and tall forests; he’s a and unreasonably, and not as timid and obedient of grandson of the rarity of imagination and feeling, rotten habits. I only ask you to be free, first releasing which expressed the words of his people’s suffering then construction” (Yooshij, 1351: 68, 69). A wise and affliction through poems in contract with his artist will primarily thought about why he should do, homeland's culture and not contractual themes; he has what to do, for what purpose he accept any ways, and added a new chapter to shining poetry books of Iran; why he should change his way? “Because a wise and and through objective efforts changed the way of real artist who deserve this title is familiar with his sweet dreaming words, altered the loose basis of the own art’s nature and essence. He won’t try in making, weight, rhyme, meters, imagination, and emotions; he try to make a better and more beautiful type. then established the architecture and foundations of What’s important is identification and recognition, the the Persian Modern Poem. rest is up to our zeal. They didn’t give this drink only Nima, Nima-like, was the pioneer of breaking to one person, it have been given that can drink it” the norms, tradition, and foundations of classical (Yooshij, 1351: 87). Nima is among who had the Persian poetry; he has trembled the sky of Persian capabilities to drink a full stomach of it, and gave a literature, established a new design, which will be taste to his mates, because he wasn’t selfish and self- protected from wind and rain; so that his poetry have center, and others problems are his own problems. been common and familiar to people from the Parsi Nima is our cultural and literal representative, language era, and never would be neglected. Nima's criterion, and measure in contemporary world. He is works and changes have happened so quickly, that considered as out representative, scout, and leader of some of great literary and intellectual scholars of the the modern poetry and literature in the main modern Persian language and literature have not understood literature stream of the recent world; as Molavi, his literacy and ideas yet. What’s there in the Nima’s Hafez, and Saadi… are representative of our old and poetry is not language or thought, but also its classic literature in the world literature and cultural exploration of new feelings form nature: Exploration movements. Nima is a Sirius and star that enlighten that bring about new appearance and semantics with the contemporary Iranian culture and literature, itself. especially nostalgic and otopik poetry and literature Nima’s answer to question of "is art an [nostalgia] in social, political, ethnic, national, local instrument for addressing our ideas or ideas are and even global aspects. 22 New York Science Journal 2015;8(5) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork Poems are the language of our time. Language of gerjhaje ʃæbane/ba mæne səʊkhte dær tʃekʌrj?/" expressing era’s pain; expressing pains rooted in depth (Yooshij, 1391, 47). of human essence; and a logomachy in form of poem Nima literary life stages can be divided into three is a way to relieve it. Realm of poetry is an main parts: (i) Romanticism stage: "learning French opportunity for the poet as a scout of the caravan language have made him familiar with the world going throughout the time, in order to express that literature. He didn’t move beyond his personal time’s feelings, pains, sufferings, joys, and shared emotions. Pale story and myth are poems of this type. memories in a way that remained as long as history; a (ii) Second stage: Nima and his communist ideas. language different from the usual language of other Nima was influenced by the ideas of communism in a people's choices. As matter of fact, poet seeking to very short period of his life, and that means Nima bring up a proposition instead of news in his poems; poems consist of some ideas of Marxism, which was and inspire community with its poems. Because based on social and economic justice. Otherwise, he according to Lewis Borges, “what is inspired is more has never been a communist, and he says: I'm a influential than those introduced” (Borgrs, 2002: 37). greater person to become a Communist (Tahbaz, Nima is a perfect representative for transition of 1380: 270). For example, in the thorny collector story Iranian old poetry styles to new style; he represents “a (Kharkan), he was talking about an old woodman progressive wing of the current Persian poetry, which (Kharkan), who collect thorny plants from dawn to is almost a European a poem" (Shafiei Kadkani, 2004: dusk in the desert, and at the end of the day, he sells 17). the fruit of their efforts to the rich in a very low price. “I’m content with a rustic life/ because I’m It is the words he based his talk aside: accustomed to it from childhood/ God bless my “O God, why do not you end my unfortunate hometown, my residence/ because it’s immune for all fate/ why don’t you made my job better/ I am old, but the residents (Yooshij, 2012, 31). my bad luck is with me/ my work is digging and "Mæn khoʃæm ba zendegije kʊəhjan/tʃonke adæt collecting thorny plants/ It’s my fate, curved old man/ daræ m æz teflj bedan/bæh bæh æz an dʒa ke mævaje this isn’t thorny collection, this is slavery” (Yooshij, mæn æst/væz særa sær mærdʊme ʃæhr imæn æst"/ 1931: 113). (yushij: 1391:31). "əj khoda bækhte mæ ra pajan njst/herfej shome Biography: mæ ra saman njst/pijræ mo baz dʒe bæ khte dænj Nima was born in 1276 A.H. (1895 A.D.) in the æst/kare mæn khar bærj,khar kænj/ke næsjbe mæne Yoosh village of the Noor County in Mazandaran tʃon monhænj æst/ njst in khar kænj,dʒ an kanj province. Living among shepherds and rancher; winter æst"(Yooshij:1931:113) and summer dislocation for finding pastures; sitting (iii) Third stage: community driven Nima. Nima around fire in the top of mountains in cold nights; haven’t passive about events and issues that happen in hunting, simple and little recreations; nomadic life are Iran; and in most of his poems, he has considered the all the childhood memories that dearly remembered by circumstances of his country; and point out the Nima. He have studied primary school in his government tyranny, suffering and sorrow of the hometown, then continued his study in French school people, and the unfortunate circumstances of the “saint Louis” and learned French language and country. “Nima is a popular poet with humanities and literature; then he have pursued poem and literature social poems that got more depth and meaning with with encouragement of his poet teacher “Nezam passage of time… he is a justice oriented poet, which Vafa”. Primarily, he has been writing classical poems shout the cruelty of the oppressors, suffer the tyranny and Persian traditional poems. The first poem of tyrant, and sympathize with those whom suffered collection of him was “pale story” (ghesej rang from cruelty and injustice” (Hoghooghi, 1381:27). parjde) and then he rimed “myth” (afsane) which has "My farms was drying / near neighbor crop / though been published in 1300 AH; in which, time is they say," they cry on the near shore/ mourners among considered as an emotional and musical voice, indeed, mourners / herald of cloudy days, Daruag, when is it it was a turning point of his literary life.