Chronology The treaty of Ryswick divides the island of Hisparuola into Saint-Domingue (French) and Santo Domingo (Spanish). ugust 1791 A slave uprising begins in northern Saine­ Domingue. February 1794 Abolition of French colonial slavery. J..u mary 1804 Saint-Domingue is renamed Haiti, and declares itself independent of France. ctober 1806 Dessalines is assassinated; civil war then divides Haiti between a monarchy in the north (ruled by Henri Christophe) and a republic in the south (led by Alexandre Petion). 3 Pierre Boyer re-unifies Haiti. France recognizes Haitian independence in exchange for the payment of 150 million francs (later reduced to 90 million) as compensation for lost property. The United States invades and occupies Haiti. Dumarsais Estime is president. Franc;:ois Duvalier ('Papa Doc') becomes president. Franc;:ois Duvalier declares himself president for life. -' April 1971 Franc;:ois Duvalier dies and is succeeded by his son Jean-Claude ('Baby Doc'). - February 1986 Jean-Claude Duvalier is pushed out of Haiti by a popular uprising; General Henry Namphy takes power. December 1990 Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected with 67 percent of the vote. .i DAM MING THE FLOOD 6 January 1991 Macoute leader Roger Lafontant attempts a pre-emptive coup d'etat against Aristide, but is June 1997 overwhelmed by popular resistance. October 1 7 February 1991 Inauguration of Aristide's first administration; his prime minister is Rene· Pn!val. 30 September 1991 Generaf Raoul Cedras and police chief Michel pnuary 199 Fran<;:ois overthrow Aristide, who goes into :\pril 2000 exile first in Venezuela and then in the US; - May 2000 over the next few years several thousands of Aristide's supporters are killed. 3 July 1993 The Governors Island Agreement brokered by UN and OAS officials between Cedras and _June 2000 Aristide is signed (and later ignored by Cedras). Summer 1993 The paramilitary death squad FRAPH is ober 2000 formed, led by Toto Constant and Jodel Chamblain. 11 September 1993 Lavalas activist Antoine Izmery is assassinated. ovember 21-22 April 1994 FRAPH and Haitian army troops kill dozens of people in the Gona'ives slum of Raboteau. ~ February 20 19 September 1994 US soldiers occupy Haiti for the second time. 15 October 1994 Aristide returns from exile, with businessman Smarck Michel as his prime minister. Early 1995 Aristide disbands Haiti's armed forces (FAdH). June/ September 1995 Legislative elections are won by members of the July 2001 Plateforme Politique Lavalas; Evans Paul is heavily defeated by Manno Charlemagne in the Port-au-Prince mayoral election. 16 October 1995 Prime minister Smarck Michel resigns. 17 December 1995 Rene Preval is elected with 88 percent of the December vote. 7 February 1996 Inauguration of Preval's first administration, with the OPL's Rosny Smarth as his prime minister. _I January 2( late 1996 Formation of Fanrni Lavalas political ~ September organization, led by Aristide, in opposition to December 20 the ex-Lavalas faction the Organisation du Peuple en Lutte (OPL), led by Gerard Pierre­ Charles. 6 April 1997 Fanrni Lavalas wins several seats in Senate :\pril 2003 elections; the results are not accepted by the CHRONOLOGY xiii a OPL, and parliamentary deadlock ensues. ne 1997 Prime minister Rosny Smarth resigns. October 1999 Jean Lamy is assassinated, and under pressure from Dany Toussaint, Preval's security minister Bob Manuel flees into exile. • Jan uary 1999 Parliamen"tary terms expire. • _-\pril 2000 Journalist Jean Dominique is assassinated. ___ 1ay 2000 Legislative and local elections: Fanmi Lavalas wins of landslide victories at all levels of government; opponents of Fanmi Lavalas form a US-backed coalition called the Convergence Democratique. ne 2000 The OAS disputes the validity of the vote­ counting method used in the Senate elections. ober 2000 PNH commanders Guy Philippe, Jackie Nau and Gilbert Dragon flee into exile after being implicated in plans for a coup. _ _ ovember 2000 Aristide is re-elected president with 92 percent of the vote. - February 2001 Inauguration of Aristide's second administration, with Jean-Marie Cherestal as his prime minister; simultaneous inauguration of a parallel government led by the Convergence Democratique's Gerard Gourgue.- July 2001 The first of many commando raids on police stations and other government facilities by ex­ 1 the soldiers based in the Dominican Republic and led by Guy Philippe and Ravix Remissainthe (later known as the FLRN). e : - December 2001 Ex-soldiers attack the presidential palace, provoking popular reprisals against the offices of parties belonging to the Convergence Democratique. _I January 20Q2 Prime minister Cherestal resigns. .L eptember 2002 OAS adopts resolution 822. cember 2002 The Group of 184 (led by Andy Apaid, supported by the IRI) is formed at a meeting of Aristide's opponents in the Dominican Republic. \pril 2003 Aristide asks France to repay the money it extorted from Haiti as compensation for lost DAMMING THE FLOOD colonial property in the nineteenth century. July 2003 Inter-American Development Bank promises to disburse frozen loans and aid to Haiti. 21 September 2003 Amiot 'Cubain' Metayer is assassinated in GonaYves; . Buteur Metayer and Jean Tatoune take over Cubain's gang and turn it against Aristide. 5 December 2003 Anti-government students clash with government supporters at the State University in Port-au-Prince. 1 January 2004 Haiti celebrates the bicentenary of its independence from France. 5 February 2004 Full-scale insurgency begins in Gonai:ves, led by Jean Tatoune, Buteur Metayer and Winter Etienne; they are soon joined by Guy Philippe, Jodel Chamblain and FLRN troops based in the Dominican Republic. 22 February 2004 Chamblain overruns Cap Hai:tien. 29 February 2004 Aristide is forced onto a US jet and flown to the Central African Republic. March 2004 US troops occupy Haiti for the third time, and COM an interim government is formed, with Gerard Latortue as prime minister; hundreds of Aristide C.'\R.Ll supporters are killed. June 2004 The US-led occupation force is replaced by a UN stabilization mission (MINUSTAH). CD 30 September 2004 A long campaign of violence against Lavalas CDS supporters in Port-au-Prince begins, notably in Bel Air and Cite Solei!. CEDH 6 July 2005 A major UN assault on Cite Soleil kills at least twenty people, including the militant leader Dred Wilme. CEP 7 February 2006 · Preval wins delayed presidential elections in the first round, with 51 percent of the vote. CIDA 14 May 2006 Inauguration of Preval's second administration. CIIR 22 December 2006 UN incursion into Cite Soleil leaves around a CIMO dozen residents dead. January-February 2007 UN military incursions into Cite Soleil continue. COHA Map 11: Overview of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1501-1867 NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC 0 C EAN 0 200 400 kilometers o.._-=:::2:i00--==::::i400--I miles S 0 U T H AMERICA SOUTHEAST BRAZIL Slaves left Africa and reached the Americas by many routes. Although certain regions of embarkation and disembarkation forged strong connections, captives from anywhere in Africa could disembark in almost any part of the Americas. Arrivals in the Americas include the - reallocation of some unspecified totals in table 6 (e.g., "Brazil unspecified"). RiO DE LA 18 INTRODUCTION Number of Captives Under 200,000 Documented Estimated = AFRICA A T LA N TIC 0 OC EA N INDIAN 0 CEAN 0 400 800 kilometers 0 - 400- 800 miles INTRODUCTION 19 .