THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CATHOLICISM IN GOTHIC NOVELS, 1790 -1816: A REVALUATION Maria Lisa Purves, MA (Cantab) Submitted for the qualification of Ph.D University of York, Department of English and Related Literature April 2004 ABSTRACT This thesis challenges the prevailing critical view that Gothic is a vehicle for anti-Catholic, anticlerical sentiment. Its aim is to point an oversight in the critical study of Gothic. This Gothic's thesis traces motifs to sentimental Catholic literary works dating back to the late 1600s, the themes of which were popular with English writers throughout the eighteenth Part century. of this investigation reveals the popularity of Catholic aesthetics in English sentimental culture throughout the eighteenth century. The argument then focuses upon several little known Gothic novels written in the period 1790-1816 in which Catholic monastic characters are the heroes and heroines of the narrative, used to define and demonstrate the value and superiority of Christian piety in a world of unruly emotion and unchecked sensibility. This thesis connects the didacticism of these novels with the conservative counterrevolutionary discourse of the same period shaped most famously by Edmund Burke which emphasized the sanctity and supremacy of adhering to the religious tradition of one's forefathers as ballast against Dissent, Jacobinism and secularism, and evoked nostalgia for medieval England whose national character was strongly marked by religious devotion and loyalty to God's chosen monarch. Burke's discourse contributed to a climate of rehabilitation for Catholics manifest in the legislation that led both to the Relief Acts of 1791 and 1793, and the support for the French emigre priests and religious who fled revolutionary persecution to find sanctuary, practice their religion, and resettle their communities in England during the 1790s and early 1800s. This study argues the necessity for a modification of our map of Gothic based on a larger corpus of works and on a revaluation of the way Catholicism was received and perceived in eighteenth-century England. 2 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1 25 "A compliment to be called Papist"? English Toleration of Catholicism in the Later Eighteenth Century Chapter 2 47 Roman(ticized) Catholicism Chapter 3 75 The Cloister Theme in Ae Monk and The Italian Chapter 4 87 The Gothic Nun and the Promotion of Devotion Chapter 5 122 The Monk as Hero, the Hero as Monk Conclusion 146 Bibliography 151 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, my thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Jane Moody. I always felt that I was in the very best hands. Her discerning insights as well as her patience, precision and taste have shaped both this work and its author. My thanks also go to Dr. Gregory Dart for getting me off to a good start. And this thesis honours the memory of Dr. Stephen Copley, who gave me the chance. I would like to thank Dr. James Watt and Dr. Jack Donavan for giving me many helpful suggestions and ideas; Professor Edward Royle, Dr. Geoff Cubitt and Professor Jack Berthoud for their insights early on; Dr. Joanna de Groot and Dr. Jane Rendall for an initial discussion that led to the work; Prof. Stephen C. Behrendt for sending me the Corvey novels; the staff of the Rare Books and Special Collections reading room at Princeton University; and Dr. Paul MacDonald for his thoughts on Ranc6. Let me not forget my patron, Mr. D. A. Brown (my father); and the following who have helped a great deal in ways practical, metaphysical or both: Brian Donnelly, Paul Nickerson, Diane and Alan Purves, Dr. Anthony Leland, Gary Newbold, Mr. and Mrs. William Campion, Torin Brown, Lyndon Brown, Dr. Lindsay Traub, Prof. Mindele Triep and Dr. Steven Blakemore. Last but not least, my thanks go to my husband Dr. Drew Purves -a lifetime of study could not equip me with the words to describe how much your support, encouragement and guidance have meant, and continue to mean, to me. 4 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION The work presented in this thesis was undertaken by the author between October 1998 and April 2004. No part of this work had been published or submitted for publication at time of submission. 5 INTRODUCTION Though much about the literary Gothic of the long eighteenth century, including even its ' status as a genre, has been called into question by recent scholarship, one aspect remains virtually uncontested: its prejudice against Catholicism. This study aims to open up this area of the Gothic to question. At the heart of this thesis are several little- or unknown Gothic novels written in the period 1790-1816. These novels complicate the orthodox critical reading of Gothic as a vehicle for anti-Catholic, anticlerical sentiment. They make Catholic monastic characters heroic, and use them to define and demonstrate the value and superiority of Christian piety in a world of unruly emotion and unchecked sensibility. I seek to show a correlation between the didacticism of these novels, and the conservative counterrevolutionary discourse of the same period, shaped most famously by Edmund Burke. This discourse emphasized the sanctity and supremacy of adhering to the religious tradition of one's forefathers, as ballast against Dissent, Jacobinism and secularism, and evoked nostalgia for medieval England, whose national character was strongly marked by religious devotion and loyalty to God's chosen monarch. Significantly, this discourse contributed to a climate of already increased toleration and support for Catholics by evoking the contributions made by the Church of England's religious forebears to the grand foundations of social order in Britain; and by upholding Catholics as current co-religionists in orthodoxy. As well as the passing of two Catholic Relief Acts in 1791 and 1793, the effects of increased sympathy can be seen most clearly in England's constructive response to the French emigre priests and religious who fled revolutionary persecution to find sanctuary, practise their religion, and in many cases resettle their communities in England during the 1790s and early 1800s. This thesis suggests that it was a climate of sympathy that made possible the sympathetic representations of Catholicism in the Gothic novels introduced here. It argues that a spectrum of opinions on Catholicism rather than an absolute anti-Catholicism coloured the years when the Gothic novel flourished, and we should therefore be encouraged to question the authenticity of seemingly anti-Catholic postures in the more famous Gothic novels. 1 Robert Miles has discussed Gothic as a discursive site which crosses the genres (Gothic writing, 1750-1820. A discourse his genealogy [London; New York: Routledge, 1993]). Michael Garner has added to this with concept of the Gothic functioning as an aesthetic (Romanticism & the Gothic: Genre, Reception & Canon Formation, Cambridge University Press, 2000). James Watt, too, has argued that Gothic as a "unitary genre..is a twentieth- century invention": its original status was "as an assimilative literary hybrid" (Contesting the Gothic-Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999], p. 3). Introduction A broader study of this subject might seek to explore a range of Gothic novels from the passing of the Catholic Relief Acts right up to the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829. However I have chosen to focus on the period 1790-1816: the years during which the Gothic novel peaked in popularity. Not only does this fertile period offer an abundance of works from which to conduct a study, but it seems to me to be the most apposite phase in Gothic's arguably ongoing development on which to base any argument about the rudiments of the genre. In the analysis of Gothic's Catholic motifs however this study is a little less chronologically constrained: indeed it is necessary to refer to works dating as far back as the late seventeenth century, for it is from monastic figures such as Abelard and HeloYse, I will argue, that Gothic's monks and nuns are descended. I J.M. S Tompkins was the first to argue that "the prejudice against Catholicism, or, more particularly, against priests and monks, the "'anti-Romanbray'... is heard at its loudest in both ' the English and the German novels of terror". Leslie Fiedler agreed that "the gothic romance is the blatantly [form its fables ... most anti-Catholic of novel] of all, projecting in a 2 consistent image of the Church as the Enemy". Later critics have concurred: "Anti-Catholic 3 sensibilities are blatant in gothic fiction" states Diane Hoeveler, whilst James Whitlark speaks of the "pervasiveness of anti-Catholicism in the Gothic novels", claiming that "a typical Gothic novel is not just about the deserved punishments of Catholics but also their 4 guilty pleasures". According to Anne McWhir "some Gothic novels are almost anti-Catholic 5 propaganda". The prevailing critical view is that the Gothic is virtually a means of anti- Catholic expression. The scholarship generated by the surge of interest in writers such as Walpole, Lewis, Radcliffe and Maturin in the early decades of the twentieth century has shaped our ideas of what defines the 'typical' Gothic novel. The network of conventions linking these popular novels was quickly established as the conventions of the Gothic mode. One of these 1J. M. S. Tompkins, Ann Radcliffe and her Influence on Later Writers (New York: Arno Press, 1980), p. 104. 2 Leslie Fiedler, "The Substitution of Terror for Love", The Gothick Novel, ed. Victor Sage (London, 1990), pp. 130-139, p. 137. 3 Diane Hoeveler, Gothic Feminism, the Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontes (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p.52. 4 James Whitlark, "Heresy Hunting: The Monk and the French Revolution", Romanticism On the Net, 8 (November 1997), http: //users.ox. ac.uk/-scat0385/heresy. html 5 Anne McWhir, "The Gothic Transgression of Disbelief: Walpole, Radcliffe, Lewis, " Gothic Fictions: ProhibitionlTransgre ssion, ed.