_____________________________________________NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 ​ Index Letter from the Secretary-General 2 Letter from the Director 3 Letter from Nikita Khrushchev 3 History of Committee 5 Prelude to the Crisis of Berlin 5 The Formation of the NATO 5 The Formation of the Warsaw Pact 6 The Use of Proxy Wars in the Cold War 7 The Korean War 7 West and East Germany 8 West and East Germany Economy 8 Emigration and Defection Crisis 9 The Construction of the Berlin Wall 10 Current Situation 11 Reignition of Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum 11 Characters 12 Bloc Positions 21 The Cold War 21 The Interest of the Warsaw Pact in Berlin 21 Committee Objectives 22 Bibliography 23 ____0____ ​ _____________________________________________NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 ​ Letter from the Secretary-General Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors, networking and negotiating skill from delegates. Welcome to NewMUN 2019! Before anything, I would like to wish you the best I will just like to leave you the message, of luck in this two-day conference which that the only way to be successful is to is going to bring together the best MUN give your best. As Eric Thomas once said: delegates from Lima. I am sure that I will "You will be successful when you want witness the highest level of debate at this something as hard as you want to conference. breath". More than as a MUNer, but as a I wish you the best of luck in your responsible citizen, I understand that the committees and hope you have an global issues in our world must be solved amazing time in NewMUN 2019! by the international community. I also understand that MUN delegates don't Sincerely, have the capabilities to take the decisions Santiago Bustamante to change the world, but at least we have Secretary-General the capacity to outrage ourselves when seeing that something is not working for our well being. That capacity to go out and speak for your beliefs, to stand up and raise the flag of your country demanding for consensus, demanding for peace, demanding for the well being of everyone. That capacity is the only way in which countries can move forward, and it is the only way in which we will contribute to building a better world. Maybe a little visionary, but is the truth. This year, the Newton team has decided to increase the number of committees in order to have a MUN conference of the best quality. The topics that we have chosen tackle issues from the past, present, and future, therefore presenting a challenge for delegates to combine their knowledge and application to reach solutions. In many of the committees, Directors have been prepared to take the flow of the committee to a maximum moment of crisis in order to assess the ____1____ ​ _____________________________________________NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 ​ Letter from the Director Dear Delegates, The Crisis of Berlin of 1961 is a complex subject. Not because of the conflict itself. It is my honor to be your Director The Ultimatum introduced by Nikita committee for this edition of Newton Khrushchev is straight forward. However, Model United Nation Conference 2019. the intentions or reasons why and what This year we will be hosting the topic of would be the consequences of accepting the Crisis of Berlin of 1961 between the it or not is what is intriguing. Back in 1961 NATO and Warsaw Pact cabinet. shocked the world. Gladly, there was a pacific ending towards it. However, it is If you are reaching to read this letter, up to you to decide the course of history. great! You have accomplished something that most people in MUN haven’t done. I wish you the best, So I appreciate that. At the time of arriving to the committee, ask for a hug or a high five. Sebastian Alvino At the time of writing this, I am Newton Director of the Committee College alumni who has currently been accepted to the University of Buckingham, Glasgow, Groningen and Loughborough for the BSc program of Psychology. As a person myself who struggle with mental illnesses, I preach for understanding from both of you as individuals and as coworkers for this conference. After I have participated in 30 conferences, this would be the 31, I can say firmly that the excitement or the rush of adrenaline, at least at the time of entering to a conference never goes away. However, and this is my tip in this letter, always remember that feeling goes away as you enter the conference. It's you who tries to look for the solution and talk with the delegates representing different ideologies or interest. Be yourself as many of them can or will become your friends. After 6 or 7 years being in MUN has kept me going. Many of them have become close friends of mine. And I wish the same for you as delegates. ____2____ ​ _____________________________________________NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 ​ Letter from Nikita Khrushchev Dear Invited Representatives of the Nonetheless, even after my harsh words Warsaw Pact, have been laid, it is not our intention to start a belic conflict in middle of Since the October Revolution, the prosperity. The effects of the Third Reich Russian population stood together still ring in the memories of the soviet against the vile tsarist autocracy. The first people. But seeing the effects of the movement in its kind since the French American Empire and its allies resemble Revolution. However, unlike France, we the actions of the late Adolf Hitler against did not become an empire to conquer all the prosperity of the Warsaw Pact with Europe but a unified nation who has been anti-communist ideology and spread able to spare the words of Lenin and propaganda from the heart of their council Marx across all the world for the better of and congress to the ears of people who the mankind. trust blindly in their governments without really knowing the actions that they are Nevertheless, the capitalist empire planning to commit. But, we must not let embodied by the NATO and represented that the NATO throw us to the ground and by the United States has stopped the kick us until we bleed. It is necessary, we process of the humankind by invading must take action. That is why I call a countries and forcing their government summit of the Warsaw Pact this 13rd of into capitalist system without giving them August of 1961. the option of choosing. That is what happened in Nicaragua in 1927. That I wish you the best and that the spirit of what happened in South Korea in 1953. Lenin and Stalin feels your heart with the That is what happened in Haiti in 1913. strength to take the appropriate decision That is not the activity of a country that is seeking the improvement and the Nikita Khrushchev prosperity of democracy but a council of First Secretary of the Communist Party of men with interest and clearing their the Soviet Union agenda. This is why we are asking the allied forces to retire their armed forces from West Berlin. It is a weak point to us, Socialist Countries. By having LIVE OAK forces in the heart of the German Democratic Republic is a danger to the GDR population and a clear weak point for a future NATO invasion. Not just that but working with defectors by not improving their border security and admitting illegal immigrants is an offense to the entire Warsaw Pact. They know that the strength of us is our population and unity. ____3____ ​ _____________________________________________NewMUN 2019: The Berlin Crisis of 1961 ​ History of Committee Prelude to the Crisis of Berlin because of the amount of territory that the USSR had in control at the time of the The Formation of the NATO conference. This resulted in the division of Germany between the allied occupied From the remainings of the debris left by territory, West Germany, and the the fight between the Allied Forces and Soviet-occupied land, East Germany or the Axis Powers, humanity already knew the German Democratic Republic (GDR). that if the same methods. traditionally used were implemented, it would inevitably lead to another mass destruction conflict. World War II was an example of this: how the allied forces implemented unreasonably harsh sanctions in Germany, initiating one of the darkest years in German history not just breaking its economy but the morale of the German people, giving to birth a Fig 1. Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Henry resentful nationalist wave that would put Truman shaking hands at the Potsdam Conference Adolf Hitler in the history books. in 1945 After World War II, there were two newly In the meantime, anti-communist implemented superpowers: the United propaganda was massively distributed by States and the Soviet Union. The political figures inside of the United States presence of the Soviet Union and the and the United Kingdom. While in the communist ideology and economy started United States the Truman Doctrine1 and to spray all over Europe. An inherent the Marshall Plan2 was out loud spoken rivalry between these two superpowers and spread like fire, the strong emerged as a result of mutual distrust and anti-communist point of view of Churchill the American effort to exclude the Soviet was hardly missed. With his famous Iron Union from the international community Curtain Speech, he marked the first as their expansion was seen as a threat. instance of the intentions of the Soviet This fear was not irrational. Union trying to divide Europe under communist control.