“WHAT DO YOU DO WITH THE MAD THAT YOU FEEL?” - A PHILOSOPHICAL TAKE ON SELF-GOVERNANCE RATHER THAN SELF-DOMINANCE By Hart Elizabeth St. Claire A capstone project submitted for Graduation with University Honors May 06, 2021 University Honors University of California, Riverside APPROVED Dr. Adam Harmer Department of Philosophy Dr. Richard Cardullo, Howard H Hays Jr. Chair University Honors ABSTRACT The purpose of my Honors Research Capstone is to delve into the problem of self-criticism and the mental processes that lie behind subconsciously harming our own self-esteem. This notion of self-domination, philosophically coined as “will to power,” pertains to philosopher Nietzsche and his writings, On the Genealogy of Morals, which consists of his theorizations on the concept that our basic human nature is to dominate. However, because of societal morals, often interlaced with religious undertones, we turn this domination onto ourselves. Through philosophical and psychological inquiry, I will argue that this is in fact the case, but not the whole case. Human nature cannot be explained through just one main component, but several. In addition to domination, we also learn from ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius that it is also our human nature to be morally good. By combining these two contradictory outlooks, I will make the claim that as long as we water that seed of goodness within us, we can redirect that instinct for dominance onto more abstract objects such as goals rather than people. This falls in accordance with the philosophical solutions I will offer to combat self-dominance, as introduced by Korsgaard, Jaworska, and Rogers, who advocate for self-governing, caring, and self-love, respectively. Through their discourse, and Kohlberg’s moral development model, I will show how the self- control that Nietzsche connects to self-domination can be tamed and redefined through Korsgaard’s mindfulness with the love and compassion Rogers and Mencius advocate for. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Adam Harmer for all his guidance through this process. He gave me the independence to conceptualize my theories how I wanted to, as well as a patient nudge toward scaling down when I tried to do too much. His supervision has been invaluable, and I am immensely grateful he took a chance on me even though the philosophy he studies is different from mine, thus allowing me the chance to show him and Honors the sort of research I’m capable of doing. In addition, I would like to thank my community college philosophy professor, Nick Sinigaglia, for igniting and stoking my passion for philosophy and introducing me to Nietzsche’s theories, as his courses gave rise to my interest in this research. I would also like to thank Prof. David Beglin, as well as Prof. Christopher McVey, who helped me find the solutions to my research and allow me to think of myself as my own philosopher with my own ideas. I would also like to thank the people who encouraged me through this process. This group includes all my peers from HNPG150: Alexa Arevalo, Fausto Ramirez, Jacob Rios, Leana Rudolph, and Paulina Manzo. Their support was invaluable. Finally, I would like to thank my mother, and my sister Samantha St. Claire, without whom I would never have been confident enough to try to write something of this academic prowess. Together, they fostered my writing abilities and moral compass, without which this project wouldn’t exist. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: The Problem of Self-Criticism………………………………………………5 SECTION 1: Nietzsche’s Will to Power…………………………………………………………..9 SECTION 2: Mencius’s Compassionate Human Nature………………………………………...13 SECTION 3: Mr. Rogers’ Radical Self-Love……………………………………………………17 SECTION 4: Korsgaard’s Normative Self-Governance…………………………………………22 CONCLUSION: The Implications of the Solution……………………………..………………..26 WORKS CITED…………………………………………………………………………………28 4 INTRODUCTION: The Problem of Self-Criticism “Anything that’s human is mentionable, and anything that is mentionable can be more manageable. When we can talk about our feelings, they become less overwhelming, less upsetting, and less scary. The people we trust with that important talk can help us know that we’re not alone” (Rogers, 10). These famous words, spoken by the late Mr. Fred Rogers, host of Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood, really hits the crux of the issue rampant in today’s world. Too often, we strive to play strong, indifferent, and stoic to the difficulties of life. Should we show emotions, or the reality of how these situations make us feel, we would see ourselves as weak. This is because people often mistake vulnerability, the showing of emotions and how one feels, as weakness. Strength is the ability to hide one’s feelings, to not let emotions get in the way of our rational thinking, and to analyze the situation as objectively as possible, so that other people may see us as credible thinkers. Humans, however, do not work this way. We are emotional, social beings, and this is how we communicate with each other. And the act of emotionally stunting ourselves can only lead to less intimate relationships with family, friends, and lovers. Further, this could ultimately create feelings of perpetual loneliness, especially when we apply this pressure to ourselves. I believe this is pertinent to my research because I hope to answer the age-old question of what entails living a full, happy life of purpose and meaning. Many people force themselves into careers, ideologies, and religions that they do not inherently contain any passion or true belief in, but engulf themselves in these anyway because they believe it will give them purpose in life, and thus make their lives worth living. However, I believe this outlook on life is much too bleak. You 5 need to make your life your own, and fill it with the sorts of values that you feel passionate about, and that make you happy. All that being said, here are my thoughts: in the pursuit of happiness, we often compare this ideal to being monetarily comfortable and successful. There is definitely a lot to be said in terms of how worrying and stressful money issues can be. However, can happiness really be garnered this way? In terms of basic contemplations of happiness, there tends to be three criteria that are left out: self-awareness, self-cultivation, and self-reflection. We all know the famous lines by Socrates, “Know thyself,” but we do not know what it means to be truly self-reflective and self- cultivating. For instance, sometimes we can be so concerned with how we are perceived by others that we neglect to analyze how we truly perceive ourselves. After all, Socrates’s ideology, that “it’s the greatest good for a man to discuss virtue every day,” and that “the unexamined life isn’t worth living for a human being,” can be internalized as an absolutely crucial way to perceive your life (Plato, 38a/104). After all, these are words that I strive to live by almost every day of my life. I myself often struggle with perfectionist tendencies, combined with negative self-talk. However, I believe self-criticism is counter-productive and negates the whole purpose of trying to better oneself. After all, in today’s culture, I’m not sure anyone can say that they are perfectly happy. In fact, it’s a very human quality to be unsatisfied the majority of the time, since we are always striving for something: for progression, for betterment. I believe that this, as a form of self- concern, can help us truly find our own personal purpose in life, and strive to be more confident and self-sufficient in our daily practices. This is why, through this Capstone project, I wish to bring to light the problem mankind is afflicted with, that being this critical mindset toward ourselves and others, and to argue for the sort of solution we can implement into our daily lives to combat this. First off, we cannot begin this 6 journey to self-realization without allowing ourselves to be vulnerable. By doing so, we can figure out what sorts of situations make us feel certain ways, and through that knowledge we can be able to better adapt, grow, and ultimately become the sort of people we appreciate and strive to be. I think it’s immensely important to have an image of oneself that you can visualize and progress towards. By being the sort of person we want to be, and knowing where we currently fall in that process, we can better appreciate ourselves and others and have more meaningful relationships. Thus, with this Capstone project, I hope to prove my theory for the importance of self- awareness. Initially, I will begin this discussion with German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. According to his theories, we have a natural inherent instinct for domination. This “will to power,” as a factor of our human nature, contributes to our negative mindsets. In addition to this instinct, as social beings, we must cooperate together to live together in a civilized society. However, due to this, we cannot exert this dominance onto other people, but as our instinct we must exert it somehow, so we turn onto ourselves. This is how self-domination occurs. Despite this notion, human nature does not need to be all bad. In fact, as ancient Chinese philosopher Mencius (or Mengzi) conceptualizes, we are all born with this deep-seeded goodness that needs to be cultivated in the right way to grow and manifest within ourselves. This goodness, and natural inclination for compassion, may seem that it contradicts domination, but it is my claim that it is in fact this contrasting human nature that leaves us confused.