INTRODUCTION The purpose of this biological evaluation is to determine whether implementation of the Twomile Restoration Projects will result in a trend toward Federal listing of any Sensitive Plant species. A Sensitive Plant is defined as a plant species "identified by a Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern, as evidenced by: "a. Significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers or density." and "b. Significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat capability that would reduce a species' existing distribution." The primary purposes of these projects are listed on pages 3 – 6 as well as a summary of the actions. For a more complete description of the proposed activities, refer to the environmental documents for each project. The area of these projects was surveyed using the most recent sensitive plant list in 2007- 2009. There had been previous surveys in portions of the project area for other projects in 1995, 1999, and 2001 all with previous plant lists and some follow-up surveys in 2011. One occurrence of Clarkia australis, seven occurrences of Cypripedium montanum, six occurrences of Lewisia kelloggii ssp. hutchisonii, and eleven occurrences of Lomatium stebbinsii have been found in the analysis area. There is unsurveyed suitable habitat for Allium tribracteatum, Clarkia australis, Clarkia biloba ssp. australis, Cypripedium montanum, Lewisia kelloggii ssp. hutchinsonii, and Lomatium stebbinsii. For a complete list of Forest Sensitive Plants, refer to page 12. There are six different projects covered by this analysis as summarized on pages 3 - 6 CONSULTATIO N TO DATE A list of all Federally listed Threatened, Endangered or Proposed plant species which might occur on the Stanislaus National Forest was requested from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website. As indicated by the latest database update on April 29, 2010, there are no known Federally Threatened or Endangered plants on the Stanislaus National Forest. There is one Candidate species, Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine. There is no Pinus albicaulis known in the project area. This species will not be analyzed further in this document. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) list no longer includes Species of Concern. CURRENT MANAGEMENT DIRECTION Management of Sensitive Plants on the Stanislaus National Forest is based on Forest Service policy set out in the Forest Service Manual (FSM 2670) and the Forest Service Handbook (FSH 2609.26), the Stanislaus National Forest “Forest Plan Direction,” which presents the current Forest Plan management direction, based on the original Forest Plan as modified through the Forest Plan appeals and amendment processes (USDA 1988).and, where applicable, Species Management Guides. Page 2 It is the Secretary of Agriculture's policy to "avoid actions 'which may cause a species to become threatened or endangered.'" (FSM 2670.12). Further, it is a Forest Service objective to "maintain viable populations of all native ... plant species in habitats distributed throughout their geographic range on National Forest System lands" (FSM 2670.22). Forest Service policy set out in FSM 2670.32 is to "avoid or minimize impacts to [Sensitive] species whose viability has been identified as a concern." Further, where it is determined that impacts cannot be avoided, "the line officer with project approval authority, [may make] the decision to allow or disallow impact, but the decision must not result in loss of species viability or create significant trends toward Federal listing.” Under the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment (SNFPA), “conduct field surveys for threatened, endangered, proposed, and sensitive (TEPS) plant species early enough in the project planning process so that the project can be designed to conserve or enhance TEPS plants and their habitat. … If additional field surveys are conducted as part of project implementation, document the survey results in the project file (USDA Forest Service 2010).” General direction for management of Sensitive Plants under the LRMP is to "provide for protection and habitat needs of sensitive plants, so that Forest activities will not jeopardize their continued existence." LRMP standards and guidelines advise to "modify planned projects to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to sensitive plants." This project also falls within the Clavey River Watershed Assessment (CREP 2008). The desired condition for sensitive plants is that “threatened, endangered, and sensitive plant species are managed to improve population viability” with a measure that “populations of TES species are present, protected, and contributing to the maintenance of species viability.” DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT Project Summaries This section summarizes each of the six Twomile Ecological Restoration projects. The intent of this section is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the analysis type and project number, purpose and need, and proposed action. Detailed descriptions of each project can be found in the individual environmental analysis documents. The projects are presented in the following order: (A) Vegetation Management, (B) Noxious Weed Control (Dyers Woad Eradication), (C) Great Grey Owl Habitat Improvement, (D) Meadow Restoration, (E) Soil Windrow Improvement, and (F) Motorized Trails. Project A: Vegetation Management Analysis Type and Project Number Environmental Assessment - 30525 Purpose and Need The purpose of this project is to improve fire and fuels conditions, forest health and resiliency, and hardwood and wildlife habitat in a manner that provides socio-economic benefits. Forest stands have increased in density and experienced shifts in species composition from shade intolerant pine and hardwood species to shade tolerant conifer species. These changes in forest structure have altered the role of fire on the landscape, creating unsafe and ineffective fire management conditions, diminished Page 3 forest health and integrity, and degraded old forest wildlife species habitat. The desired conditions are as follows: 1. Surface, ladder and crown fuel conditions that allow fire to function as a natural process. 2. Strategically placed fuel conditions that facilitate safe and effective fire management activities. 3. Stand densities necessary for healthy and resilient forests during drought conditions. 4. Stands with a greater component of pine and hardwood species. 5. Increased forest heterogeneity with improved hardwood and wildlife habitat components. 6. Cost-effective treatments that produce forest products. 7. Retention/improvement of meadow habitat. Proposed Action (Alternative 1) Treatments would include varying combinations of thinning, biomass removal, shredding, prescribed fire and herbicides throughout 7,700 acres of the overall Twomile project area (i.e. in the vicinity of Hull Creek, Twomile Creek, Reed Creek and the Clavey River). Road reconstruction (26.0 miles) or maintenance (60.7 miles) would occur on roads, as needed, in support of treatment activities. Additional road management treatments would consist of temporary roads (1.8 miles), reopening then closing (3.0 miles), and reopening then gating (0.3 miles). No Action (Alternative 2) Non-Commercial Alternative (Alternative 3) Treatment units proposed would remain the same as the Proposed Action; however, in Alternative 3 those units proposed for commercial thinning would have only material necessary to meet fuels objectives removed. In general, this would result in a 12 inch maximum diameter limit for removal; however, in order to facilitate equipment access to treat the units effectively, there could be circumstances where larger than 12 inch trees would be removed. Project B: Noxious Weed Control (Dyers Woad Eradication) Analysis Type and Project Number Environmental Assessment - 34045 Purpose and Need The purpose of this project is to eradicate the only known infestation of dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria) on the Stanislaus National Forest as well as an infestation of perennial sweetpea (Lathyrus latifolia). The infestations are located on 10.3 acres of steep rocky soil near Reed Creek where they could potentially spread downstream into the Clavey and Tuolumne Rivers, and have persisted for more than a decade despite annual hand pulling. The desired condition is to contain or reduce, where possible, the spread of noxious weed infestations on National Forest System lands. Proposed Action Hand pull and dig infestations of dyers woad and perennial sweetpea on 10.3 acres near Reed Creek. On approximately five of those acres, glyphosate would be used in addition to hand pulling and digging. Project C: Great Gray Owl Habitat Improvement Analysis Type and Project Number Categorical Exclusion - 34047 Page 4 Purpose and Need The purpose of this project is to improve great gray owl breeding habitat near Fahey and Wolfin Meadows. Forested stands adjacent to these meadows lack adequate nesting structures, which is an important limiting factor for this species. The desired condition is to provide suitable breeding habitat to improve the viability of this Region 5 Forest Service sensitive and California State Endangered species across its range in the central Sierra Nevada. Proposed Action Create two to three nesting structures in forested stands adjacent to Fahey and Wolfin Meadows. Project D: Meadow Restoration Analysis Type and Project Number Categorical Exclusion - 34043 Purpose and Need The purpose of this project is to improve the hydrologic function of the following meadows: Wolfin Meadow –