Muscular Analysis of Upper Extremity Exercises • Upper extremity - often one of body's weakest areas • Strength & endurance in shoulder area Chapter 8 – Essential for improved appearance & posture Muscular Analysis of Upper – More efficient skill performance Extremity Exercises – Specific conditioning exercises & activities should be intelligently selected Manual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-1 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-2 Upper Extremity Activities Upper Extremity Activities • Upper extremity • Typical weight room exercises – Limited use in modern culture concentrate onnly on anterior shoulder – Weakness can impair skill development & • Without balanced approach may lead to performance in common recreational strong & tight anterior muscles with weak activities & flexible muscles posteriorly – Appropriate base of muscular strength & • Analysis of exercises is critical to endurance essential for injury prevention & adequate skill development appropriate exercise prescription © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-3 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-4 Concepts for Analysis Concepts for Analysis • Important to understand – Muscles work in paired opposition to an – Muscles are usually grouped together antagonistic group according to their concentric function • Aggregate muscle grouping activity example – Muscles work in paired opposition to an – In doing so, the triceps & anconeus may or antagonistic group may not be under tension – If there is no tension, then the lengthening is • Aggregate muscle grouping activity example passive caused totally by the elbow flexors – Elbow flexors work together as an agonist – If there is tension, then the elbow extensors group to cause flexion in opposition to the are contracting eccentrically to control the triceps brachii & anconeus (elbow extensors) amount & speed of lengthening – In this example elbow extensor are – Depending, these same muscle groups can cooperating in their lengthening to allow the function to control the exact opposite actions flexors to perform their task by contracting eccentrically © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-5 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-6 1 Concepts for Analysis Analysis of Movement • From viewing an activity • Analyzing various exercises & sport – Determine which muscles are performing skills the movement – Break down all movements into phases – Know what type of contraction is occurring – Number of phases varies, usually 3 - 5 – Know what kind of exercises are – All sport skills will have at least appropriate for developing the muscles • Preparatory phase • Movement phase • Follow-through phase • Many begin with a stance phase & end with a recovery phase © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-7 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-8 Analysis of Movement Analysis of Movement – Phase names varies from skill to skill to fit • Stance phase the various sports terminology – Allows athlete to assume a comfortable & – Names may vary depending upon body part balanced body position from which to initiate involved the sport skill – Major phases may also be divided even – Emphasis is on setting various joint angles in further correct positions with respect to one another • Ex. Baseball pitching preparatory phase is broken and to sport surface into early cocking & late cocking – Relatively static phase with fairly short ranges of motion involved © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-9 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-10 Analysis of Movement Analysis of Movement • Preparatory phase • Movement phase – Often referred to as cocking or wind-up phase – Sometimes known as acceleration, – Used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so action, motion, or contact phase that they will be in position to generate more – Is the action part of the skill force & momentum when concentrically contract – Summation of force is generated in next phase directly to the ball, sport object, or – Most critical phase in leading toward the desired opponent result of activity – Usually characterized by near- – Becomes more dynamic as need for maximal concentric activity in explosiveness increases involved muscles © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-11 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-12 2 Analysis of Movement Analysis of Movement • Follow-through phase • Follow-through phase – Begins immediately after climax of – Generally, the greater the movement phase acceleration in the movement phase, – Brings about negative acceleration of the greater the length & the involved limb or body segment importance of the follow-though – Often referred to as the deceleration phase phase – Body segment velocity progressively – Some athletes may begin follow- decreases over a wide range of motion through too soon • Usually attributable to high eccentric • Inappropriately cuts short the movement activity in muscles that were antagonist to phase muscles utilized in movement phase • Have less than desirable result in activity © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-13 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-14 Analysis of Movement Analysis of Movement • Recovery phase • Baseball pitch skill analysis – used after follow-through to regain balance & – Stance phase begins when player assumes a position with ball in glove before receiving positioning to be ready for the next sport signal from catcher demand – Pitcher begins preparatory phase by – To a degree, muscles used eccentrically in extending throwing arm posteriorly & rotating follow-through phase to decelerate the body trunk to the right in conjunction with left hip or body segment will be used concentrically flexion in recovery to bring about the initial return to – Right shoulder girdle is fully retracted in a functional position combination with abduction & maximum external rotation of glenohumeral joint to complete this phase © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-15 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-16 Analysis of Movement Analysis of Movement • Baseball pitch skill analysis • Baseball pitch skill analysis – Immediately following, movement phase – At this point, recovery phase begins, begins with forward movement of arm & enabling the player to reposition to field the continues until ball release batted ball – Follow-through phase begins at ball release as arm continues moving in same direction – In actual practice the movements of each established by movement phase until velocity joint in the body should be analyzed into the decreases to point that arm can safely various phases change movement direction – Deceleration of body & especially the arm is accomplished by high amounts of eccentric activity © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-17 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-18 3 The Kinetic Chain Concept The Kinetic Chain Concept • Our extremities consist of several bony • An extremity may be seen as representing an open kinetic chain if the segments linked by a series of joints distal end of the extremity is not fixed to – Bony segments & their linkage system of any surface joints may be likened to a chain – Allows any one joint in the extremity to move • Any one link in extremity may be moved or function separately without necessitating individually without significantly affecting other movement of other joints in the extremity links if chain is open or not attached at one end – Upper extremity examples include a shoulder shrug, deltoid raise (shoulder • If the chain is securely attached or closed, abduction), or a biceps curl substantial movement of any one link cannot – Lower extremity examples include seated occur without substantial and subsequent hip flexion, knee extension, & ankle movement of the other links dorsiflexion exercises © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-19 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-20 The Kinetic Chain Concept The Kinetic Chain Concept • An extremity may be seen as representing an • When distal end of extremity is fixed, as in a open kinetic chain if the distal end of the push-up, dip, squat, or dead lift, extremity extremity is not fixed to any surface represents a closed kinetic chain – Movement of one joint cannot occur without – Core of the body & the proximal segment is causing predictable movements of other stabilized while the distal segment is free to move joints in extremity in space through a single plane – Involves body moving in relation to – Beneficial in isolating a particular joint to relatively fixed distal segment concentrate on specific muscle groups – Multiple joints are involved & numerous – Not very functional muscle groups must participate in causing • most physical activity, particularly for lower & controlling multiple plane movements extremity, requires multiple joint activity involving – Very functional numerous muscle groups simultaneously • strongly correlate to most physical activities © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-21 © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8-22 The Kinetic Chain Concept Conditioning Considerations • In determining appropriate conditioning • Overload principle exercises, consider open versus closed