MANGO (Philippine 'Carabao' var.) POWDER MADE FROM DIFFERENT DRYING SYSTEMS By OFERO ABAGON CAPARIÑO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Systems Engineering AUGUST 2012 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of OFERO ABAGON CAPARIÑO find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Juming Tang, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Caleb I. Nindo, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Shyam S. Sablani, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Joseph R. Powers, Ph.D. __________________________________ John K. Fellman, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation and my Ph.D. program would not have been possible without the generous help from many individuals and institutions. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my committee chair and academic adviser Dr. Juming Tang for giving me this great opportunity to work with him throughout my Ph.D. program. I am thankful to him for sharing his expert and scientific advice from conceptualization until completion of my dissertation. His generous support for providing me additional funding beyond my Ford Foundation scholarship program to complete my program, his continuous guidance in ascertaining the quality of this work, and his encouragement and motivation are deeply appreciated. I am grateful to all my committee members: Dr. Caleb I. Nindo, Dr. Shyam S. Sablani, Dr. Joseph R. Powers and Dr. John K. Fellman for sharing their time and technical expertise on the different topic areas of my research. I am also thankful to them for allowing me to use their respective laboratories in carrying out various analyses of my samples. Their constructive criticism and comments, editorial comments, enlightening suggestions and advice in coming up with this dissertation are very much appreciated. My deepest appreciation to the Ford Foundation International Fellowship Program (IFP)/Institute of International Education (IIE)-New York for granting me scholarships for the first 3.5 years of my Ph.D. program; the Washington State University graduate research assistantship program for awarding me additional funding support for 1.5 years, through the help of my academic adviser Dr. Tang; the IFP-Philippines Social Science Council (IFP-PSCC) for efficiently administering my IFP/IIE scholarship grant; and my home institution, the Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization-PhilMech (formerly the Bureau of iii Postharvest Research and Extension or BPRE) for allowing me a 5-year study leave with continued salaries and benefits. My sincerest gratitude to Director Luisa Fernan and Asst. Director Criselda Doble of IFP- Philippines and their staff, and the management and staff of IFP/IIE in New York for their ongoing guidance and for ensuring the timely release of all my scholarship benefits; the IFP selection committee for their trust and confidence in me; Ateneo de Manila University and University of the Philippines for hosting the IFP pre-academic training course, and the WSU Intensive American Language Center for preparing me to overcome the many challenges in my graduate courses. I also thank the WSU Office of International Students and Scholars for their guidance and advice in maintaining my legal status in the US. My great appreciation to Executive Director Ricardo L. Cachuela, Deputy Directors Rosendo Rapusas and Arnel Apaga, and all the Department Directors, Asst. Department Directors, Division Chiefs and Section Chiefs of BPRE/PhilMech and their respective staff for their unwavering support and trust in allowing me to pursue my doctoral studies in the US. My sincere gratitude to Chief Ronaldo Reyes who has served as my surety and guarantor during my study leave; I am grateful to Engr. Reynaldo Gregorio, Dr. Cristina Gragasin, and Engr. Baldwin Jallorina for serving as my OICs, at the former Physical Processes Research Division and the newly created Bioprocess Engineering Division where I am the chief; Dr. Manolito Bulaong for overseeing the division's research plans and programs; to my former supervisor at the Postharvest Engineering Department Engr. Ruben Manalabe for allowing me to pursue higher education, and to my colleagues in the department, Dr. Romy, Lorie, Aileen, Sheila, Arlene, Beth, James, Andy, Monch, Donald, Rob, Egay, Reagan, JOs and service contractors for their full cooperation and support. I am especially thankful to Richard E. Magoon and Karin M. Bolland of MCD Technologies, Inc. for allowing me to use their novel drying facilities in the US; Ramar iv International, CA for helping me in importing mango puree samples from the Philippines; Dr. Boon Chew and Ms. Bridget Mathison for allowing me to use their laboratory and for helping me in the nutritional analysis of my research samples; Frank Younce, Galina Mikhaylenko, Roopesh Syamaladevi, Binying Ye, Scott Mattinson, and Valerie Lynch-Holm for providing their technical assistance on the proper operation of different laboratory equipment and instruments; Mr. Clifton Coy of KSM Enterprises, WA for providing free aluminum packaging materials; Dr. Claudio Stöckle, chair of the Biological Systems Engineering department for his full support in completing my program; John Anderson, Joan Hagedorn, Pat King and Pat Huggins for ascertaining the timely delivery of the needed research materials and other administrative matters; Wayne Dewitt for helping in the fabrication of some of my experimental devices and Vincent Himsl for IT support and assistance; Fermin Resurreccion and Medy Villamor for their invaluable suggestions that helped in improving many aspects of my research; members of Dr. Tang's research group and Food Engineering Club, Galina, Stewart, Dr. Liu, Dr. Zhongwei, Dr. Shaojin, Huimin, Peter, Yang, Wenjia, Jing, Donglei, Bandar, Shunshan, Rossanna, Ellen, Sumeet, Rajat, Sunil, Kanishka, Balu and Gopal for the good camaraderie and for sharing some important information relevant to my research; Stewart Bohnet for proof reading/editing of my published article and Jeannie Bagby for painstakingly editing my dissertation. Special thanks goes to Jeff and Rina and their sons Carl and Cedrick for their care, understanding, and moral support while I stayed with their family throughout my studies. I am also thankful to Kuya Lito and Ate Beth, Richard and Jane, Damian and Weng, Randy and Michelle, John and Janet, Clark and Ate Nita, Greg and Yeyet, and their respective families; Tito Benny and Tita Delia, Tito Cesar and Ate Nellie, Dan and Medy, Ed and Julie, Iah, Rhoda, Avi, Anne, James, Chromewell, Jeff and many other friends in Pullman and Moscow, Idaho. Their v warm welcome, friendship and camaraderie provided much needed relief, especially during occasional potlucks and special gatherings. My greatest appreciation to my father who inspired me greatly; he died just a couple of days before my final interview with the IFP scholarships program. Due to a difficult situation at that time, I waived my rights as a finalist and I recommended my slot to other applicants. But, in spite of this circumstance, still, I was granted the Ford Foundation fellowship award. My father's memory will live forever in this piece of work. I am also grateful to my loving mother, Sening, for taking care of my children for a while when my wife was also in the US, my brother Pendoy, sisters Jocelyn, Gina and Yeng and their spouses Lilia, Panong and Jong and their respective families for their continuous prayers, moral support and assistance whenever my children needed their help. Special thanks to my mother-in-law Nanay Elen, brothers- and sisters-in-law and their spouses and families (Kuya Rene and Ate Rezie, Kuya Wilie and Ate Nitz, Levnie and Ditse, Onion and Malou, Eric and Lea) and Jojo for their moral support and prayers. I also thank my many other immediate relatives, friends and colleagues who showed their concerns and prayers towards achieving my degree but whose names were not included in these acknowledgments. My sincere appreciation also goes to my brothers & sisters in the Couples for Christ and Oasis of Love-Marriage Encounter, and Fr. Rudy Ibale of CLSU for their moral support and prayers. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dearest wife Edith, and my three children, Iris, Dondon and Gelo (whom I saw personally only once throughout my 5-year stay in the US) for their love and concern, understanding, tolerance and constant prayers for the successful completion of my Ph.D. studies. Above all, to our Lord Almighty for giving me the knowledge, wisdom, skills, patience, strength, good health perseverance and strong determination in the fulfillment of this dissertation and for finally obtaining my doctoral degree. vi MANGO (Philippine 'Carabao' var.) POWDER MADE FROM DIFFERENT DRYING SYSTEMS ABSTRACT by Ofero Abagon Capariño, Ph.D. Washington State University August 2012 Chair: Juming Tang Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the finest tropical fruits in the world with about 75% of the world production coming from Asia. In the Philippines, mango ranks third among fruit crops after banana and pineapple based on export volume and value. Acclaimed to be one of the best worldwide, this fruit has established a good reputation in the international market. However, huge postharvest losses ranging 87 % have been reported due mainly to inadequate