Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs APPENDIX B ECOLOGICAL & HUMAN HEALTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Ecological & Human Health Assessment Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs Ecological & Human Health Assessment Report Project Name Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs for Nine Districts Date June 2013, Revision 7 Prepared for: Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District Northern Salinas Valley Mosquito Abatement District Alameda County Vector Control Services District San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District Contra Costa Mosquito and Vector Control District Santa Clara County Vector Control District Marin/Sonoma Mosquito and Vector Control District Solano County Mosquito Abatement District Napa County Mosquito Abatement District Prepared by: Cardno ENTRIX 5415 SW Westgate Drive, Suite 100, Portland, OR 97221 USA June 2013 Cardno ENTRIX Document Information i MVCAC DPEIR_APP B_Risk Assessment_JUN2013_R7.docx Ecological & Human Health Assessment Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs This Page Intentionally Left Blank ii Document Information Cardno ENTRIX June 2013 MVCAC DPEIR_APP B_Risk Assessment_JUN2013_R7.docx Ecological & Human Health Assessment Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................1-1 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................2-1 2.1 General Issues Associated with the Current Pesticide Use ............................................. 2-2 2.2 Human and Ecological Health Evaluations ...................................................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Human Health Impact Evaluation ..................................................................... 2-2 2.2.2 Ecological Health Impact Evaluation................................................................. 2-2 2.3 Initial Approach ................................................................................................................. 2-4 2.3.1 Components of a Review .................................................................................. 2-4 2.4 Approach to Refinement ................................................................................................... 2-5 3 Vector Control Chemical Categories ...........................................................................3-1 3.1 Mosquito Control .............................................................................................................. 3-5 3.1.1 Adulticides ......................................................................................................... 3-5 3.1.2 Larvicides .......................................................................................................... 3-5 3.2 Other Vector Control......................................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.1 Rats ................................................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.2 Yellow Jacket Wasps ........................................................................................ 3-6 3.2.3 Tick Control ....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.4 Weed Vegetation Control .................................................................................. 3-6 4 Evaluation of Active Ingredients-Results .....................................................................4-1 4.1 Pyrethrin, Pyrethroids, Pyrethroid-like Compounds and Synergists ................................ 4-2 4.1.1 Pyrethrins .......................................................................................................... 4-2 4.1.2 Allethrins and d-trans allethrin ........................................................................ 4-14 4.1.3 Phenothrin (sumithrin or d-phenothrin) ........................................................... 4-15 4.1.4 Prallethrin ........................................................................................................ 4-17 4.1.5 Deltamethrin .................................................................................................... 4-18 4.1.6 Esfenvalerate .................................................................................................. 4-19 4.1.7 Lambda-cyhalothrin......................................................................................... 4-20 4.1.8 Resmethrin ...................................................................................................... 4-22 4.1.9 Tetramethrin .................................................................................................... 4-24 4.1.10 Permethrin ....................................................................................................... 4-26 4.1.11 Etofenprox ....................................................................................................... 4-28 4.1.12 Piperonyl Butoxide .......................................................................................... 4-30 4.2 Organophosphate Insecticides ....................................................................................... 4-34 4.2.1 Naled ............................................................................................................... 4-34 4.2.2 Temephos ....................................................................................................... 4-35 4.3 Mosquito Larvicides ........................................................................................................ 4-38 4.3.1 Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) .................................................................................. 4-38 4.3.2 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) .......................................... 4-40 4.3.3 Spinosad ......................................................................................................... 4-43 4.3.4 Methoprene and s-Methoprene ....................................................................... 4-45 June 2013 Cardno ENTRIX Table of Contents iii MVCAC DPEIR_APP B_Risk Assessment_JUN2013_R7.docx Ecological & Human Health Assessment Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programs 4.3.5 Alcohol Ethoxylated Surfactant (Monomolecular Film) ................................... 4-49 4.3.6 Aliphatic Solvents (Mineral Oils and Aliphatic Petroleum Hydrocarbons) ...... 4-50 4.4 Other Insecticides ........................................................................................................... 4-51 4.4.1 Potassium Salts .............................................................................................. 4-51 4.5 Rodenticides ................................................................................................................... 4-52 4.5.1 Chlorophacinone ............................................................................................. 4-52 4.5.2 Diphacinone .................................................................................................... 4-54 4.5.3 Brodifacoum .................................................................................................... 4-55 4.5.4 Bromadiolone .................................................................................................. 4-57 4.5.5 Bromethalin ..................................................................................................... 4-58 4.5.6 Difethialone ..................................................................................................... 4-59 4.5.7 Cholecalciferol ................................................................................................. 4-61 4.5.8 Sulfur (fumigant) .............................................................................................. 4-62 4.5.9 Sodium Nitrate (fumigant) ............................................................................... 4-63 4.6 Herbicides ....................................................................................................................... 4-64 4.6.1 Imazapyr ......................................................................................................... 4-64 4.6.2 Glyphosate ...................................................................................................... 4-65 4.6.3 Triclopyr .......................................................................................................... 4-68 4.6.4 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) ......................................................... 4-69 4.6.5 Sulfometuron Methyl ....................................................................................... 4-71 4.6.6 Bentazon ......................................................................................................... 4-72 4.6.7 Diuron .............................................................................................................. 4-73 4.6.8 Benfluralin (Benefin)........................................................................................ 4-75 4.6.9 Oryzalin ........................................................................................................... 4-76 4.6.10 DCPA .............................................................................................................. 4-77 4.6.11 Dithiopyr .........................................................................................................