D DABYDEEN, David (1956- ), Guyanese-born poet ing scenes from *A Midsummer Night's Dream and and novelist, educated at Cambridge and at University *The Tempest. Dadd went mad in 1843 and murdered College London. Recurrent themes in Dabydeen's his father; he spent the rest of his life in Bethlehem poetry include an exploration of the experience of Hospital and in Broadmoor. His most famous work is slavery and indentureship, the cultural denigration The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke (1855-64, Tate Gallery, and dislocation resulting from colonialism, and the London); a recently discovered manuscript poem power of language to redeem. Slave Song (1984) is (dated 1865) explains its subject in detail. notable for its innovative use of Guyanese rural Creole; the poems are accompanied by a 'translation' and Dagon, the national deity of the ancient Philistines, commentary in Standard English highlighting the represented as half man, half fish (Judg. 16: 23; 1 Sam, historical and cultural power relationships between 5:1-5). In Milton's * Paradise Lost, 1.462, he appears as the two forms of language. Turner (1994) uses language a fallen angel: see also *Samson Agonistes. that approaches Standard English and exhibits a sensuous lyrical beauty in contrast to the harshness D'AGUIAR, Fred (i960- ), poet and novelist, born in and vulgarity of language in Slave Song. This long London, and brought up as a child in Guyana: he poem takes the submerged African head in *Turner's returned to school in Britain aged 12, and went on to painting The Slave Ship (1840) as its starting point and study at the universities of Kent and Warwick. He has negotiates the problems of history and identity the written three volumes of poetry, Mama Dot (1985), Middle Passage represents, exploring the creative as which explores his early life in Guyana, Airy Hall well as dislocating aspects inherent in this experience. (1989), and British Subjects (1993), which closely His first novel, The Intended ( 1991 ), set in multicultural examines British and transcultural identity and con­ south London, follows the learning experiences of a tains a sequence called 'Frail Deposits', dedicated to clever Guyanese schoolboy: this was followed by Wilson *Harris, about a return trip to Guyana. His Disappearance (1993), narrated by a West Indian novels are The Longest Memory (1994), an intense, engineer working in a Kentish village, and The Count­ closely researched, lyrical, brutal evocation of the life ing House (1996). Dabydeen has written extensively on of Whitechapel, an i8th-cent. plantation slave in cultural diversity and post-colonial issues, and teaches Virginia; Dear Future (1997); and Feeding the Ghosts at the University of Warwick. ( 1997), about the voyage of a slave ship returning from Africa, the captain of which throws his sick slaves DACRE, Charlotte, see ROMANTIC FICTION. overboard and is held to account by a survivor. His dactyl, a metrical foot consisting of one long followed stage play, A Jamaican Airman Foresees His Death, was by two short syllables, or of one accented followed by staged at the * Royal Court in 1995; Bill of Rights (1998) two unaccented (derived from the three joints of the is a long poem on the theme of the 1978 Jonestown finger, SOLKTVAOS). See METRE. massacre/mass suicide in Guyana. See BLACK BRITISH Dada (Fr. 'hobby-horse', a name chosen at random LITERATURE and SLAVERY, LITERATURE OF. from a dictionary), a movement in art and literature DAHL, Roald (1916-90), short story writer, novelist, founded c.1916 in Zurich and more or less simultan­ and children's writer, born of Norwegian parents in eously in New York. The movement's aim was nihil­ Llandaff, Glamorgan. His first collection of stories, istic, a denial of sense or order; it lasted until the early Over to You (1946), drew on his wartime experiences as 1920s, with Paris as its centre from 1920. Writers a fighter pilot. Dahl published several more collections, connected with Dada included Tristan Tzara, who including Someone Like You (1953), Kiss Kiss (USA appears as a character in Stoppard's *Travesties, which 1959, UK i960), Switch Bitch (1974), and The Won­ is set in Zurich during the First World War. Notable derful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977). A among Dada artists were Hans Arp, Marcel Duchamp, number of stories were dramatized for television, and and Man Ray. *Aragon and A. *Breton went on to subsequently republished, as Tales of the Unexpected, develop the *surrealist movement which evolved in and a collected edition of his short stories appeared in part from Dada. 1991. Dahl's penchant for the conte cruel was adapted DADD, Richard (1817-86), English painter, who is best with international success for children in Charlie and known for his fairy pictures (see FAIRY STORIES) filled the Chocolate Factory (1964), George's Marvellous with meticulous, tiny detail. They follow Joshua Medicine (1981), Revolting Rhymes (1982), and The * Reynolds, *Fuseli, and Joseph Noel Paton in illustrat­ Witches (1983). 255 DAICHES I DAMPIER DAICHES, David (1912- ), scholar and author, edu­ DALI, Salvador Felipe Jacinto (1904-89), Spanish cated at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and painter, writer, and showman, born in Figueres, Edinburgh University. He has held various academic Catalonia. He was already in debt to *Surrealism posts and written on a wide variety of subjects: his before he joined the movement in 1929 after making works include studies of R. L. *Stevenson (1947), the film Un chien andalou with Luis Buñuel. His most *Burns (1950), and Sir W. *Scott (1971); a Critical arresting paintings were produced approximately History of English Literature (4 vols, i960); Scotch between 1925 and 1938, including The Great Mastur- Whisky ( 1969); and two autobiographical works which bator (1929). The essay on Millet's Angélus (written vividly evoke his unusual childhood as son of a Jewish C.1934) is his most original theoretical work. The Secret scholar and rabbi in Edinburgh (Two Worlds, 1957; Life of Salvador Dali (1942) is an amusing if unreliable Was; A Pastime from Time Past, 1975). guide to his early exploits, and the novel Hidden Faces (1944) is a not unimpressive attempt to advertise the Daily Courant, the first English daily newspaper, virtues of unconsummated love. See Ian Gibson, The started in March 1702. It contained foreign intelli­ Shameful Life of Salvador Dali (1997). gence, translated from foreign newspapers. It lasted till Dalila, see DELILAH. 1735. (See NEWSPAPERS, ORIGINS OF.) DALRYMPLE, Sir David, Lord Hailes (1726-92), Scot­ Daily Express, a daily paper founded in 1900 by Sir A. tish jurist, historian, and antiquary, a friend of *Bos- *Pearson. well, Dr *Johnson, and Horace *Walpole. He published much, including his Annals of Scotland (1776, 1779, Daily News was founded by *Dickens in 1845 as a 1797), a valuable study of Scottish history which Liberal rival to the *Morning Chronicle; the first issue Johnson much admired. He was also keenly interested appeared on 21 Jan. 1846. Dickens himself edited the in ancient Scottish poems and ballads, and corres­ paper for 17 numbers only, then handed over to John ponded with *Percy on this subject. * Forster. Among notable contributors and members of its staff at various times may be mentioned H. Damoetas, (1) a shepherd in the Idylls of *Theocritus *Martineau, *Lang, G. B. *Shaw, *Wells, Arnold and the Eclogues of *Virgil; (2) a character in Sidney's *Bennett, and the eminent war correspondent Archi­ *Arcadia, a base herdsman who has become a royal bald Forbes (1839-1900). It became the News Chronicle favourite; (3) an old shepherd (representing a Cam­ in 1930, having absorbed the Daily Chronicle, and bridge academic?) in Milton's *Lycidas. survived under this title until i960. Damon, a shepherd singer in * Virgil's eighth Eclogue; a name adopted by poets for a rustic swain. Cf. Daily Telegraph, founded in 1855, the first daily paper Epitaphium Damonis, *Milton's Latin elegy on his to be issued in London at a penny. Its enterprising friend *Diodati. character and rather highly coloured style proved so successful that for a time it enjoyed a larger circulation Damon and Pithias, a rhymed play by R. *Edwards, than any other English newspaper, and in its early acted probably 1564, printed 1571. days, with T. *Hunt as assistant editor, its political Damon and Pythias, Pythagorean Greeks, visit views were radical. After a period of decline in the early Syracuse, and the former is presently arrested on a 20th cent., circulation recovered in the 1930s; in 1937 baseless charge of spying and conspiring against the *Morning Post was at its own request amalgamated. Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, who orders his The Sunday Telegraph was added in 1961. Among execution. Damon obtains a respite of two months famous members of its staff have been G. A. *Sala, Sir to return home in order to settle his affairs, Pythias E. * Arnold, and Edward Dicey (1832-1911). offering himself as security for his return. Damon is delayed and arrives when Pythias is just about to be put Daisy Miller, one of H. *James's most popular stories, to death. They contend which shall be executed, each published 1879, dramatized by James 1883. striving to save the other. Dionysius, impressed with Daisy Miller travels to Europe with her wealthy, their mutual loyalty, pardons Damon and asks to be commonplace mother, and in her innocence and admitted to their brotherhood. audacity offends convention and seems to compromise In the original classical legend it is Phintias (of her reputation. She dies in Rome of malaria. She is one which 'Pythias' is a corruption), not Damon, who is of the most notable and charming of James's portrayals sentenced, and Damon goes bail for him.