!"#$%"&'()$%*'+""""""""""""""" ,*'"-.$"/00$'"1(2$*23-.34"""""" *,"5(6-$'7"58'*0$" " 9*.7"&:";*,,$4+$'" 58'*0$(7"<*43$-=",*'""-.$" <-8>="*,";8)(7"5?*28-3*7" @A"²"@@"<$0-$)B$'"@CA@" D*'>$(8E" ABSTRACT. The results of field and laboratory research during the past decade require a new classificatory framework for the Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe. It is now apparent that people making artifacts assigned to the Ahmarian industry occupied both the southern and northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains (i.e., Ortvale Klde, Layer 4d; Mezmaiskaya Cave, Layer 1C). Their sites probably indicate a separate movement of anatomically modern humans (AMH) from the Near East directly into Eastern Europe, establishing an independent line of development during the earlier Upper Paleolithic that parallels the Proto-Aurignacian and Aurignacian sequence in Western and Central Europe. This East European industry is most fully represented at the Kostenki-Borshchevo sites on the Don River before 40,000 cal BP (e.g., Kostenki 14, Layer IVb). It is followed by a closely related industry, also characterized by bladelet production, that is dated to the interval between 40,000 and 30,000 cal BP in Crimea and the East European Plain. The proposed new framework reflects recognition of these distinctive East European entities and of two environmental events that had significant impacts on human settlement in Eastern Europe: (1) the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) volcanic eruption (40,000 cal BP); and (2) the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (~25,000 cal BP). It has been suggested that the early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) industry present in Eastern Europe before 40,000 cal BP should be labeled an eastern variant of the contemporaneous Proto- Aurignacian of Mediterranean Europe. However, given the separate movement of people from the Near East via the Caucasus Mountains, and independent development of the East European EUP, this industry is more appropriately termed ³3URWR-Gravettian.´ The younger bladelet industry, which includes assemblages at Buran-Kaya III (Layer 6-1), Mira (Layer II/2), and probably Shlyakh (Layers 4C, 6), may be termed ³(DUO\ Gravettian´ to distinguish it from the classic Gravettian industry that dates to less than 30,000 cal BP (e.g., Avdeevo, Zaraisk). The upper temporal boundary of the Proto-Gravettian corresponds to the CI eruption (40,000 cal BP), while the classic Gravettian of the East European Plain appears to have been effectively terminated by the LGM (~25,000 cal BP). Several sites that date to the 40,000±30,000 cal BP interval (e.g., Kostenki 1, Layer III) contain elements that suggest a connection with the Aurignacian technocomplex of Western-Central Europe. These assemblages may be placed into the category of ³(DVWHUQ Aurignacian´ which reflects differences in content with the West and Central European sites. The apparent spread of this industry into Eastern Europe from the Balkans may be related to the impact of the CI eruption on a large area of the East European Plain. 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N.82$+"K" I()$77*)*6-6+(=(" N(?$" 6\XUHQ·," !8'3G7(43(7"63-$6"37" 5(6-$'7"58'*0$]" UCTCCC²SCTCCC"4(2"D1" R(7>64(0$"!'4.($*2*G="*,"-.$"5(6-"58'*0$(7"12(37" 5,3)$7+*A"0'*0*6$>"482-8'(2"6-'(-3G'(0.=",*'" I*6-$7+3LD*'6.4.$?*"37"AX@QT"8637G"42(663,34(-*'=" 873-6">$,37$>"37"<a"&'(74$"" <3-$^R(=$'" K7>86-'=" !"#$%&%'(")*+),--'#) ./0')1/23/4'56/5) !"#$%&%'(")*+)4"7'#) 16334')1/23/4'56/5) 8"$0'596)*:8"$0'596); </#4=)1/23/4'56/5 8"$0'596)>+)./='#)?) </#4=)@"4,0#'/5 !"#$%&%'(")>) ./0')A,#625/&6/5 AdzȢȖȚȓțȘȜT"ǽ:"ǽ:""YAX@Q[""ǻȓȘȜȠȜȞȩȓ"ȖȠȜȑȖ"ȖȕȡȥȓțȖȭ"ȝȎșȓȜșȖȠȎ" ǿǿǿǾ:"ȅȓșȜȐȓȘ"A]"Z@²ZW:""" M*G(4.$?"(7>"*-.$'6"68B6$b8$7-2=">$,37$>"2*4(2"('4.($*L 2*G34(2"482-8'$6"(-"I*6-$7+3LD*'6.4.$?*"-.(-"%$'$"7*-" '$4*G73_$>"*8-63>$"-.$"4$7-'(2"5(6-"58'*0$(7"12(37":":":"" 6-'$2$-6+(=(" 603-6=76+(=(" G*'*>-6*?6+(=(" -.$"2(7>64(0$"*,"-.$"5(6-"58'*0$(7"12(37">3,,$'6"63G73,34(7-2=" ,'*)"-.(-"*,"<a"&'(74$T"(7>"7(-8'(2"6.$2-$'6"('$"(2)*6-"$7-3'$2=" (B6$7-"*7"-.$"4$7-'(2"02(37":":":" 0DPRQWRYD.XU·\D D=_*?(=(" 6XQJLU·" I82=4.3?+(" IJ<F5#IKLDJM<;N;5OJ" %LU\XFK·\D%DOND" P3'(" P*2*>*?("Z" .RUPDQ·" 5/1"63-$6"*7"-.$" 5(6-"58'*0$(7"12(37" I*6-$7+3LD*'6.4.$?*" FRQWDLQVDQ´(83 ODQGVFDSHµFRPSULVLQJ I"ALO]"D/FN;5Mc"" ?('3*86"63-$6T"37428>37G" P!PPJF;"YP#KdA[" B*-.".(B3-(-3*7"('$(6" (7>",874-3*7(22=L I"A\LKK]"N!P1"<KF5" 60$43(23_$>"63-$6"%.$'$" 2('G$")())(26"%$'$" K17 +322$>"(7>^*'"B8-4.$'$>"" I"A@LKKK]"IKRRL D/FN;5Mc"Y;JM<5" e"M5K#f55M["" I"AULKK]"IKRRL K 6 K15 D/FN;5Mc" I"AZ]"IKRRL Y;JM<5["e"N!P1" D/FN;5Mc"e" N!P1" N!MDJ#!F5"R5#<" ;/PKN"R!c5M" IJ<F5#IK"A@" <*32")34'*)*'0.*2*G="37>34(-$6"60'37G"(4-3?3-="(66*43(-$>"%3-.",*')(-3*7" RIWKH´KXPLFEHGVµDQG(83RFFXSDWLRQV +ROOLGD\HWDO " I*6-$7+3"AU"""R(=$'"KK" ŏ".*'6$"#K<1"d"AZCC" ŏ"(22"6+$2$-(2"0('-6" '$0'$6$7-$>" ŏ"G'$$7"B'$(+(G$"*," 2*7GLB*7$"6.(,-6" ŏ"0$'48663*7")('+6" *7"2*7GLB*7$"6.(,-6" ŏ"48-")('+6"*7"2*7GL B*7$6T"'3B6T"*-.$'" $2$)$7-6" ŏ"(7(-*)34(2"G'*806" *,",**-"B*7$6"(7>" ?$'-$B'($" AXZU"$E4(?(-3*76" !:"#:"M*G(4.$?" I*6-$7+3"A"""R(=$'"O" ŏ")())*-."#K<1"d"ZA\" ŏ"P#K"d"A"(>82-")())*-." ŏ")*6-"6+$2$-(2"$2$)$7-6" '$0'$6$7-$>" ŏ"48-^G*8G$")('+6"*7" 6*)$"B*7$6"" @CCU"-'$74." 827("%3-."48-L)('+6" ('-3,(4-6"(66*43(-$>"%3-."$?3>$74$",*'"2('G$" )())(2"+322LB8-4.$'="(-"I*6-$7+3"" I*6-$7+3"A"R(=$'"O" I*6-$7+3"A@"R(=$'"KKK" I*6-$7+3"AU"R(=$'"KK" WKH´&ORYLVODQGVFDSHµLQWKH6DQ3HGUR9DOOH\ 6($UL]RQD 0'*?3>$6"(7"(7(2*G"-*"-.$"5/1"2(7>64(0$"(-"I*6-$7+3":":":" N!P1"<KF5"" DK<J#"IKRR"YP#KdAA[" IKRRg"" P!PPJF;"IKRR"YP#KdA[" P!PPJF;"YP#KdA[" IKRRLD/FN;5Mcg"" P!PPJF;<"YP#Kd@[" IKRRLD/FN;5Mc"" P!PPJF;<"YP#KdAS[" ;(=7$6"Y@CC\]S["" (-"P8''(="<0'37G6T" )82-302$"B36*7" +322LB8-4.$'="2*4(-3*76" +322LB8-4.$'=" ('$"63-8(-$>"7$('"(" 2*4(-3*7" 4()063-$" )())*-."B8-4.$'="2*4(-3*7" N2*?36"4()063-$" P8''(="<0'37G6"4*7-(376"-.$"6()$"-=0$6"*,"-**26",*87>"37" (66*43(-3*7"%3-."2('G$L)())(2"B8-4.$'="(-"I*6-$7+3":":":"" -.$"0(--$'7"*B6$'?$>"(-"I*6-$7+3"36" (26*"$?3>$7-"(-"*-.$'"5/1"63-$6"*7" -.$"5(6-"58'*0$(7"12(37T"684."(6" P3'(T"R(=$'"K"" ŏ".*'6$"#K<1"d"\@h" ŏ")*6-"6+$2$-(2"0('-6" '$0'$6$7-$>" ŏ"G'$$7"B'$(+(G$"*," 2*7GLB*7$"6.(,-6" ŏ"0$'48663*7"(7>"48-" )('+6"*7"B*7$6" ŏ"(7(-*)34(2"G'*806" *,"B*7$6"" ,'*)"O:"D:"<-$0(74.8+" ´DUFKDLFµRU´0RXVWHURLGµIRUPV (26*",*87>"37"2(-$'"/1"63-$6" I*6-$7+3"A"R(=$'"K"" 5,3)$7+*"AXZQ" F.$"0'*B2$)"*,"-.$"K73-3(2"/00$'"1(2$*23-.34"*,"5(6-$'7"58'*0$" I82=4.3?+(" i?(7*?+(" <.2=(+." P*2*>*?("Z" .RUPDQ·" K73-3(2"/00$'" 1(2$*23-.34"63-$6"*,"" 5(6-$'7"58'*0$g" <.2=(+."R(=$'"Q"4*7-(376"(7"37>86-'="63)32('" -*"-.$"5)3'(7"(7>">(-37G"-*"`UZTCCC"4(2"D1"" UZT\CCVSCCC"YJE!LQSC\["""""""" UWTSCCVSACC"YJE!LQSCW[" ,'*)"#$+.*'*6.$?"AXXX]"AUST",3G:@A" !"7$%",'()$%*'+",*'"-.$"/00$'"1(2$*23-.34"*,"5(6-$'7"58'*0$" Years cal BP INDUSTRY Caucasus Crimea Southwest Plain Central Plain Mountains 20,000 ± 12,000 cal BP Epi-Gravettian LGM Late Gravettian 30,000 ± 20,000 cal BP IRUPHUO\³(DVWHUQ Kostenki 1-I Gravettian´ Molodova 5-VII Avdeevo Zaraisk Early Kostenki 8-II 40,000 ± 30,000 cal BP Gravettian Syuren¶-G/F Molodova 5-X Kostenki 1-III Eastern Mira II/2 Buran-Kaya III Shlyakh-6 Aurignacian? CI tephra Mezmaiskaya 42,000 ± 40,000 cal BP Proto-Gravettian Cave-1C Kostenki 14-IVb Ortvale Klde-4d Kostenki 17-II 50,000 ± 42,000 cal BP Initial Upper Monasheskaya Shaitan-Koba? Kulychivka-III Paleolithic Cave? Kabazi II? Molodova 5-XI? Shlyakh-8 Molodova 1-IV? P3+.(32"O(632=$?34."!73+*?34."YAXU\²@CA@[".